Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus E-Book , livre ebook

Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Expert Consult - Online and Print
Fourth Edition

Creig S Hoyt, MD, MA
Emeritus Professor and Chair, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

David Taylor, FRCOphth, FRCS, DSc(Med)
Professor Emeritus, Paediatric Ophthalmology, Institute of Child Health, University College London
Director, Examinations Programme, International Council of Ophthalmology, London, UK
Saunders Ltd.
Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Video contents
Section 1: Epidemiology, growth and development
Chapter 1: Epidemiology and the world-wide impact of visual impairment in children
Specific issues in the epidemiological study of visual impairment in childhood
Framing the question
Who is a visually impaired child?
Measuring the frequency and burden of childhood visual impairment
Sources of information on frequency and causes of visual impairment
Impact of visual impairment
Visual impairment in the broader context of childhood disability
Frequency of childhood visual impairment and blindness
“Causes” of visual impairment
Prevention of visual impairment and blindness in childhood: “VISION 2020”
The role of ophthalmic professionals in prevention of childhood visual impairment
Chapter 2: Clinical embryology and development of the eye
Embryogenesis and eye development
Eye organogenesis (4th–8th week gestation human)
Differentiation and maturation of elements
Emmetropization
Chapter 3: Developmental biology of the eye
Introduction
Important concepts and processes in developmental biology
Specific developmental events in eye development
Patterning of neural retina in the optic vesicle
Involvement and development of the RPE
Lens development
Differentiation of the neural retina
Closure of the optic fissure
Cornea and anterior segment development
Summary
Chapter 4: Normal and abnormal visual development
Introduction
Visual acuity
Contrast sensitivity
Vernier acuity and stereoacuity
Dark adapted visual threshold
Visual fields
Delayed development of visual responsiveness
Chapter 5: Emmetropization, refraction and refractive errors: control of postnatal eye growth, current and developing treatments
Postnatal growth and emmetropization
Treatment of refractive errors
Chapter 6: Milestones and normative data
Intercanthal distance and palpebra
Tear secretion
Cornea
Pupil size and reaction to light
The crystalline lens
Pars plana and ora serrata
Optic disc parameters
Axial length
Extraocular muscles and sclera
Children’s visual function questionnaire
Visual acuity
Visual field
Refraction, corneal curvature, and astigmatism
Intraocular pressure
Section 2: Core practice
Chapter 7: Examination, history and special tests in pediatric ophthalmology
Assent and consent
It is all about the child
The equipment
History: include the children
A no-touch approach at first
Targeted examination
Next step: touching and other methods of annoying the child – the second part of the examination
Finally: rewarding success
Chapter 8: Visual electrophysiology: how it can help you and your patient
Introduction
The tests
What do the responses tell us? An aide memoire for a busy clinician
Technical factors
ERG electrodes
Refractive error
Dilation
Dark adaptation
Maturation
Summary
Chapter 9: Imaging the fundus
Imaging dependent on the state of the media
Imaging independent of the state of the media
Chapter 10: Genetics and pediatric ophthalmology
Background
Mendelian inheritance
Genetic heterogeneity
Genetic counseling
Genetic testing
What is a mutation?
DNA sequencing
Genetic testing: counseling and ethical issues
Section 3: Infections, allergic and external eye disorders
Chapter 11: Ocular manifestations of intrauterine infections
Congenital rubella
Toxoplasmosis
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus
Syphilis
Varicella zoster virus
Other intrauterine infections
Chapter 12: Neonatal conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum)
Prophylaxis
Chemical conjunctivitis
Chlamydial conjunctivitis
Gonococcal conjunctivitis
Bacterial (not chlamydial or gonococcal) conjunctivitis
Herpetic conjunctivitis
Neonatal conjunctivitis in hospitalized patients
Laboratory testing
Chapter 13: Preseptal and orbital cellulitis
Anatomy and terminology
Classification
Preseptal cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis
Microbiology of preseptal and orbital cellulitis
Subperiosteal and orbital abscess
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Chapter 14: Endophthalmitis
Clinical presentation
Exogenous bacterial endophthalmitis
Endogenous bacterial endophthalmitis
Exogenous fungal endophthalmitis
Endogenous fungal endophthalmitis
Chapter 15: External eye disease and the oculocutaneous disorders
Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis
Acute follicular conjunctivitis
Chronic papillary conjunctivitis
Oculocutaneous conjunctivitis
Corneal limbus stem cell failure (ocular surface failure)
Keratitis
Chapter 16: Ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children
HIV/AIDS: global and regional epidemiology
Transmission of HIV in children
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in children
Ocular manifestations of HIV/AIDS in children
Ophthalmic screening and monitoring of HIV-infected children
Section 4: Systematic paediatric ophthalmology
Part 1: Disorders of the eye as a whole
Chapter 17: Disorders of the eye as a whole
Anophthalmos and microphthalmos
Other disorders of the eye as a whole
Clinical evaluation and management of anophthalmos and microphthalmos
Part 2: Lids, brows and oculoplastics
Chapter 18: Developmental anomalies of the lids
Normal development and anatomy of the eyelids
Clinical evaluation of the eyelids
Developmental anomalies of the periorbital region
Abnormal aspect of the inner canthus
Major malformations of the eyelids
Abnormal palpebral fissures
Abnormal position of the eyelids
Ptosis (see Chapter 19)
Eyebrows and eyelashes
Sparse or absent eyebrows and/or eyelashes
Dysmorphology databases and genes involved in syndromes with eyelid anomalies
Chapter 19: Lids: Congenital and acquired abnormalities − practical management
Management of congenital lid conditions
Management of congenital and acquired ptosis
Lid retraction in infancy
Seventh nerve palsy
Lid tumors
Meibomian gland diseases
Socket management
Lid and adnexal trauma (see Chapter 66)
Chapter 20: Lid and orbital infantile peri-ocular hemangiomas (capillary hemangiomas) and other vascular disease
Tumors
Vascular malformations
Part 3: Orbit and lacrimal
Chapter 21: The lacrimal system
Introduction
Lacrimal gland
The lacrimal drainage system
Chapter 22: The management of orbital disease in children
Orbital disease and age
Clinical assessment
Investigations
Surgery
Chapter 23: Neurogenic tumors
Optic nerve tumors
Meningiomas
Rare optic nerve tumors in childhood
Schwannoma
Chapter 24: Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma
General considerations
Clinical features
Diagnostic approaches
Biopsy
Pathology
Management
Summary
Chapter 25: Other mesenchymal abnormalities
Dysplasias
Bone tumors
Neoplasias
Other mesenchymal tumors
Chapter 26: Metastatic, secondary and lacrimal gland tumors
Metastatic disease
Secondary disease
Lacrimal gland tumors
Chapter 27: Histiocytic, hematopoietic and lymphoproliferative disorders
Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X)
Non-Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis
Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai-Dorfman disease)
Leukemia (see Chapter 64)
Lymphoma
Chapter 28: Craniofacial abnormalities
Introduction
Craniosynostosis
Clefting syndromes
Frontoethmoidal meningoencephalocele
Midline facial cleft
Amniotic bands
Craniofacial surgery
Acknowledgment
Chapter 29: Cystic lesions and ectopias
Cystic lesions
Ectopias
Chapter 30: Inflammatory disorders
Non-specific orbital inflammatory syndromes (pseudotumors)
Specific causes of orbital inflammation
Part 4: External Disease and Anterior Segment
Chapter 31: Conjunctiva and subconjunctival tissue
Anatomy
Conjunctiva in systemic disease
Conjunctival tumors
Miscellaneous disorders of conjunctiva
Chapter 32: Anterior segment: developmental anomalies
Embryology of the anterior segment
Control of development: responsible genes
Clinical conditions due to anterior segment developmental anomalies
Chapter 33: Corneal abnormalities in childhood
Develop