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The Handy Engineering Answer Book , livre ebook

Visible Ink Press - Debra-Ann C. Butler , Nicole P. Pitterson , Aishwary Pawar , DeLean Tolbert Smith

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317 pages

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Description

More than 1,000 answers to common questions on engineering history, technology, applied sciences, various engineering fields, common terms, equations and more
Sure to student scientists or anyone interested in deeper understanding of engineering.
Logical organization makes finding information quick and easy
Numerous black-and-white photographs
Thoroughly indexed
Authoritative resource
Helpful appendices of engineering programs and list of further resources
Ideal for anyone interested in seeking a better understanding engineering, technology and how it affects society.
Publicity and promotion aimed at the wide array of websites focused on students
publicity and promotion aimed websites focused on science, technology and teaching
promotion targeting more mainstream book review media and websites
promotion targeting national and local radio
promotion targeting science and educational magazines and newspapers science editors

What do engineers do?

Engineers work in a variety of contexts using their knowledge of mathematics and science to develop safe, economically sound and context specific solutions to everyday problems. These problems might be of various scales - small, medium, or large, and complexity. Engineering work is not always about creating new solutions as sometimes engineers work to improve and maintain existing systems and or processes.

Engineering practice falls into three broad categories:

Problem-solving incorporates the systematic process that engineers use to scope, define, and solve problems of varying nature.
The knowledge that is specific to each discipline and is necessary to engage in the problem-solving process.
The integration of engineering problem-solving processes and knowledge.

What is Advanced Manufacturing?

Advanced manufacturing is the integration of new innovative technology and techniques to improve both product design and production processes, with the relevant/ advanced technology to facilitate, cost-effective and competitive products. These production processes highly depend on automation, networking, computation, and information. Thus, advanced manufacturing integrates the most up-to-date machinery with processes to add value and create highly differentiated products.

What is Agile Manufacturing?

Agile manufacturing is a strategy that focuses on responding quickly to the needs of the customer. The goal is to provide personalized products at unprecedented speeds while controlling the overall costs and maintaining high-quality standards. Industries that use agile manufacturing develop platforms for the designers, the marketers, and the production workforce to share information and updates about parts and products, production capacities, and problems particularly concerning the quality of a product to ensure that customers' needs are met.

What are the key elements of Agile Manufacturing?

The key elements of agile manufacturing include:

Modular Product Design: Products are broken up into small sub-assemblies (modules) that can be built independently and used in diverse ways.
Information Technology: With advancements in manufacturing processes and increased automation and technology there is more and more information (data) generated about the needs of the customers, the current state of the markets, and the materials/products. In order for industries to be agile, they must quickly analyze the information and disseminate it around the company in order to ensure that they have a fast response to changes in the customer and market needs.
Corporate Partners: Agile industries must create partnerships with other organizations and industries that will help them acquire materials and resources quickly to meet changing customer needs.
Knowledge Culture: An Agile industry or organization must create an internal culture with their employees that resembles flexibility and adaptability. These organizations typically invest in ongoing employee training.

Why would an industry change from traditional manufacturing to agile manufacturing?

The rapidly evolving environment, constant technological development, more access to information, workforce transformation led to major shifts in the manufacturing industry and the adoption of agile manufacturing. Nowadays, companies are working in a highly competitive environment, where the small decline in performance, product quality, or product delivery can have a huge effect on a company's survival and reputation among consumers. Through agile manufacturing, companies take a competitive advantage while focusing on rapid response to customers and making fast changes based on customer demand.

What is automation?

Automation is the technology that helps to perform a procedure with minimal or no human assistance. People often think about robots when the concept of automating comes up in conversation. It is used in various control systems for operating applications ranging from simple on-off control such as a household thermostat controlling a boiler to a multi-variable high-level algorithm such as a large industrial control system. There are four different types of automation:

Basic Automation: This is typically the use of software to manage business practices. For example, companies may use software that creates, sends, and processes invoices and send them to the right person at the right time. The tasks that the software completes are usually repetitive and tasks that would be done on a daily basis.
Process Automation: A robotic process automation system can log into software or application, move files, fill in forms, perform basic internet searches, make calculations, and even open emails. This will typically reduce the number of employees needed to complete some tasks and can lead companies to save money. Ideally, some employees can be moved to higher-level positions.
Integration automation: At this level, humans define the machine function, the boundaries within which it will operate, and the tasks it will complete. The machine will be able to mimic human tasks. Through intelligent automation, the industry can increase the speed and scale of work completion. Can do more work than if it were just humans performing the work. The company/organization would examine their process and identify the ways to best use the human worker’s support and high levels of thinking. If the task can be done without a human, then it will, otherwise, it will just include the human when necessary.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Automation: This is the most complex level of automation. At this level, the machines can learn and make decisions. Basically, they keep track of all the previous situations, analyze the actions and results, and then they apply the old to the new situation. An example of this are the virtual assistant/virtual chats that companies employ as customer service agents on their websites.

What are the manufacturing applications of automation and robotics?

Manufacturing and production are the most important applications for automation. Automated production systems are classified as Fixed automation, Programmable automation, and flexible automation. In the industrial workplace, automation helps in improving productivity and quality, reducing errors and waste, making the manufacturing process flexible, and thus increasing safety, reliability, and profitability. Automation can be achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, electronic devices and computers, etc. The benefit of automation includes labor savings with lower operating costs, faster return on investment (ROI), Increased production output, improvements to quality, accuracy, and precision and reduced factory lead time.

Fixed Automation: fixed automation in a production environment that is sequenced and comments are pre-programmed in machines and is not easily changed from one product to another because the programming involves intricate aspects of the machinery like gears, wiring, and electronics. This can be seen in large volume manufacturing industries such as the automotive industry.
Programmable Automation: Programmable Automation is best suited for batch production because for each batch the machines are reprogrammed. This means that there are periods of non-productivity. An example of programmable automation are industrial robots that can be reprogrammed to perform different tasks in between tasks.
Flexible Automation: Flexible automation is an extension of programmable automation. a limited product variety allows for the reprogramming to occur more quickly and even off the production line. This allows for other technologies to be put to use during “down time” of the machines being reprogrammed. This allows for a mixture of products and processes used on the same production lines.

What is benchmarking?

Benchmarking is a continuous process in which organizations continually seek to improve their practices. In this process, the performance of a company’s products, services, or procedures is measured against those of another business viewed as the best in the business, otherwise known as "top tier."

What is the purpose of benchmarking in engineering?

The purpose of benchmarking is to recognize internal opportunities for development. By considering organizations with superior performance, separating what makes such prevalent performance possible, and after that comparing those procedures with how your business works, you can implement changes that will yield significant improvements. Benchmarking can enable companies to gain an independent view about how well they perform contrasted with different organizations, it helps to recognize zones for continuous improvement, develop a standardized set of procedures, monitor organization performance and set performance expectations. It is typically performed because of requirements that emerge inside an organization.

Why would a manufacturing engineer benchmark?

Benchmarking is the practice of contrasting business procedures and performance metrics with industry bests and best practices from different organizations using a specific indicator bringing about a metric of performance which is then contrasted with others. Thus, Benchmarking enables you to concentrate on best practices from your rivals. It enables you to get point-by-point comparisons between organizations. The manufacturing engineering can use this information to make improvements on the production line (which type of automation is appropriate) that could save time and money.

How does an engineer benchmark?

Benchmarking is a straightforward but detailed process that involves the following steps:

Choosing an item, service, or internal department to benchmark
Then determine which top-tier organizations you should benchmark against – which organizations you'll compare your business with.
Gather data on their internal performance.
Compare the information from the two associations to recognize holes in your organization's performance
Adopt the procedures and approaches set up inside the top-tier performers.

What is a Bottleneck?

The term "bottleneck" typically refers to the neck or mouth of a bottle, and the fact that it is the narrowest point in a bottle, and the most likely place for the blockage to occur, slowing down the flow of liquid from the bottle. Manufacturing engineers define a bottleneck as a point of congestion/blockage that emerges when workloads arrive at a given machine/operation quicker than that machine/operation can handle them. Or more plainly, it is the step in the manufacturing process that takes the longest time to complete. This step, like the bottleneck in a bottle, slows down the flow of materials.

How does a bottleneck impact Manufacturing?

A bottleneck significantly impacts the flow of manufacturing, can create major delays and increase the expense of production. Organizations are more in danger of bottlenecks when they start the production procedure for new items in light of the fact that there might be imperfections in the process that must be recognized and adjusted; this circumstance requires more investigation and tweaking. Bottlenecks may likewise emerge when demand spikes unexpectedly and surpasses the production limit of a company's industrial facilities or suppliers.

What is an example of a bottleneck?

For example, recently Tesla confronted another bottleneck with its Model 3 pre-orders creating a backlog in production time. In 2017, Tesla’s CEO set a goal of producing 20,000 Tesla Model 3 vehicles each month. There were 500,000 people who reserved the vehicle. When the company was unable to produce the vehicles at this rate, it was discovered that the bottleneck in production was the battery quality and Tesla’s ability to produce enough batteries without defects.

Are there different types of bottlenecks?

There are two typical types of Bottlenecks in manufacturing: short and long-term. Short-term bottlenecks are temporary and are not typically a significant issue. A case of a short-term bottleneck would be a skilled worker taking a couple of days off. Long-term bottlenecks happen constantly and can significantly hinder production. A case of a long-term bottleneck is the point at which a machine isn't effective enough and thus has a long line. Thus, identifying bottlenecks is basic for improving the manufacturing production process since it enables you to decide and correct where accumulation happens.

About the Authors

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Introduction to Engineering and History
Engineering Design Process and Innovation
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Manufacturing Engineering
Civil and Architectural
Industrial Engineering
Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Computer Engineering and Computer Science
Aerospace Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Interdisciplinary Engineering and Engineering Grand Challenges
Engineering Pathways

Appendices

Engineering Organizations

Summer Programs and Camps

Programs for elementary school students

Programs for college students

Engineering Equations

National Society of Professional Engineers Code of Conduct

Sciences appliquées

Ingénierie

Sciences appliquées

Ingénierie

Référence

History

General

Engineering

Technology

General officer

Questions and answers

Reference

Sciences et techniques

Informations

Publié par	Visible Ink Press
Date de parution	20 septembre 2022
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781578596126
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	10 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0950€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Photo Sources
Jonathan Chen: p. 59 .
Paul Clarke: p. 294 .
Signe Dons: p. 334 .
Finnish Museum of Photography: p. 316 .
Lynn Gilbert: p. 274 .
Digital Globe: p. 55 .
Thorston Hartmann: p. 228 .
Isaac Newton Institute: p. 98 .
Javier Kohen: p. 52 .
Library of Congress: p. 304 .
J. Doug McLean: p. 311 .
MikeRun (Wikicommons): p. 105 .
Mus e des Papeteries Canson et Montgolfier: p. 306 .
MuslimHeritage.com: p. 96 .
Theresa Knott Psarianos: p. 357 .
Rama (Wikicommons): p. 282 .
Science History Institute: p. 376 .
Shutterstock: pp. 4 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 24 , 32 , 34 , 43 , 46 , 49 , 51 , 64 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 78 , 81 , 85 , 87 , 90 , 93 , 100 , 101 , 104 , 107 , 111 (edits by Kevin Hile), 113 , 122 , 132 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 141 , 144 , 146 , 152 , 155 , 161 , 167 , 168 , 172 , 174 , 180 , 184 , 189 , 190 , 194 , 197 , 199 , 213 , 216 , 221 , 224 , 225 , 232 , 234 , 235 , 240 , 243 , 245 , 248 , 253 , 254 , 257 , 259 , 266 , 269 , 270 , 271 , 278 , 280 , 297 , 300 , 307 , 315 , 318 , 320 , 324 , 337 , 341 , 343 , 352 , 353 , 356 , 361 , 370 , 375 , 379 , 382 , 385 , 387 , 388 , 399 , 407 .
Smithsonian Institution: p. 205 (right).
Daniel Stroud: p. 289 .
Antoine Taveneaux: p. 83 .
R. Thyroff: p. 176 .
U.S. Food and Drug Administration: p. 218 .
University of Manchester: p. 103 .
Wapcaplet (Wikicommons): p. 115 .
Yale University Art Gallery: p. 135 .
Public Domain: pp. 10 , 68 , 170 , 193 , 203 , 205 (left), 208 , 286 , 287 , 335 .
Table of Contents
Photo Sources
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Introduction to Engineering
Engineering Design Basics Engineering Design Process and Innovation People to Know in Engineering Design Educational Institutions and Research Centers for Design Thinking and Engineering Design Famouse People in Engineering Design
Electrical Engineering
Basics Electricity Concepts History Electrical Devices and Materials Careers
Mechanical Engineering
History Basic Concepts Tools and Equipment Computers and Programming Careers
Manufacturing Engineering
History Tools Manufacturing Product Design Careers
Civil and Architectural Engineering
Civil Engineering Architects Roads Buildings Bridges and Dams Computers and Software Safety and Environmental Concers
Industrial Engineering
Pioneers of Industrial Engineering Manufacturing and Quality Control Ergonomics Material Handling Methods and Process Engineering Simulation Analysis Operations Research
Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering
Fundamental Concepts within Biomedical Engineering Cafeers with Biomedical Engineering Degrees Biomedical Engineering Education and Career Preparation Keywords and Definitions The Future of Biomedical Engineering
Computer Engineering, Computer Science, and Software Engineering
History Software Engineering Computer Hardware, Networks, and Systems Virtual Machines Programming The Internet and Networking Careers
Aerospace Engineering
History Airplanes Avionics Space and Spacecraft Prototypes and Testing Careers
Chemical Engineering
Chemical Products and Innovations Chemical Engineers and Chemistry Unit Operations Process Operations Chemical Reaction Engineering Thermodynamics for Chemical Engineers Transport Phenomena (Transport Processes) Separation Processes Process and Dynamics Control Contributions and Future Engineering Challenges
Interdisciplinary Engineering
Disciplines Other Disciplines Careers
Engineering Pathways
Preparing for College Community College Students Interested in Engineering Programs Specific High School Courses Recommended for College Preparation
Appendix: Organizations and Engineering Programs
Further Reading
Index
Acknowledgments
This book is an attempt to convey engineering fundamentals to the reader with a particular goal of helping people from non-engineering backgrounds to understand the engineering culture, disciplines, domains, its challenges, and vast opportunities. The authors placed a strong emphasis on balancing historically and culturally relevant facts with practical engineering knowledge. This involved a tremendous amount of effort and the crucial contributions of several insightful and encouraging individuals. We want to acknowledge those who advised and provided editorial support on this work: Drs. Tamecia Jones, Oluwaseyi Ogebule, Dorian Davis, and Ms. Rita Brooks.
A personal note from DeLean Tolbert Smith: I am grateful for the opportunity to communicate my love of engineering to a new community of readers. Many of you I may never meet, but I hope that this book serves as a fantastic starting point or reference guide along your engineering journey. I would like to acknowledge my family for their support-specifically, my mother, Myrtle, and her constant pursuit engineering excellence and my husband, Terrence, for his unwavering support.
A personal note from Aishwary Pawar: First and foremost, I d like to express my gratitude to Dr. DeLean Tolbert Smith, my adviser and co-author, for including me in this project and for the continuous support and patience throughout this work. I owe an enormous debt of appreciation to Roger J necke, the publisher, for his detailed and constructive feedback. An additional thanks to the University of Michigan-Dearborn for giving me a platform to teach, train, learn, and improve. I d like to acknowledge the assistance of The Handy Engineering editorial team for the invaluable editorial assistance. Finally, I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, support, and unending inspiration.
Introduction
Engineering impacts every aspect of our lives. Throughout history, engineering ideas and innovative feats have provided solutions that still confound modern historians, scientists, and engineers. In this book, we sought to provide a resource that both engineers and non-engineers alike could reference to learn fundamental facts about engineering. We hope that The Handy Engineering Answer Book not only provides useful information but also inspires more people to consider studying engineering and working professionally as engineers.
Engineering is about identifying a need and developing solutions for that need. That is why we wrote this book. We saw an opportunity to provide a book for readers who have a strong interest in the field, for those who are exploring engineering for the first time, and for those who fall in between.
We hope that you see that engineering is much more than providing one solution in a specific discipline and using one specific process or approach. Rather, engineers work to understand problems and needs fully; they offer out-of-the-box ideas, use science and technology and mathematics to develop solutions that work well, build functional prototypes for testing, and get feedback from the user for improvement!
The Handy Engineering Answer Book is organized in a way that is easy to follow:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Engineering and History answers questions related to the history of engineering and includes a timeline of historical happenings that we believe everyone should know.
Chapters 2 through 11: Engineering Disciplines provide a general overview of the major divisions within engineering and their respective subdisciplines. In addition to the overview, we also shared fun facts, bits of history, and details about important people in each discipline.
We wrap up with Chapter 12: Engineering Pathways, which is important to provide resources that could be helpful for readers considering engineering at every level. This chapter provides answers about organizations, college expectations, and ways to get involved in engineering academically, professionally, or for fun. An appendix at the end of the book provides additional resources for further education and on important engineering organizations.
Introduction to Engineering
What is engineering?
Engineering is a branch of science that deals with the application of mathematical and scientific principles. It is also a discipline and profession that meets the needs of society. Engineers incorporate interpersonal skills such as teamwork, creativity, decision making, ethics, leadership, and design to create solutions to societal problems and improve daily life. People who work in engineering analysis generate and gather data that they use to think critically, make decisions, and create new knowledge. To accomplish these goals, engineers need a strong background in science and mathematics.
Engineers work in many different types of work settings. They can be found wearing hardhats on a construction site, on a farm improving agricultural technology such as dams or water reservoirs or developing biofuels from food. Engineers can also be found in fancy offices while helping businesses develop models that can predict their future success.
Where does the word engineer come from?
The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium . Ingeniare means to create, generate, contrive, and devise, and ingenium means cleverness.
What is the goal of engineering?
The primary goal of engineering is to make people s lives better. In this regard, engineers seek to identify problems with practical significance to local and broader contexts. Through their work, engineers endeavor to make technological advances using innovative techniques along with their application of mathematical and scientific knowledge. The goals of engineering can be broken down into two main categories: creating processes and designs and maintenance and operations.
Engineering processes and designs: Engineers create and use processes to perform complicated tasks in a fairly easy manner. Oftentimes, in engineering work, the engineer will devote a significant amount of time at the start of a project to ensure they have all the right tools, materials, and equipment to complete the task at hand. Then, they design the process by which the problem will be solved. Using their technical skills and knowledg