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Description
Range & Endurance - Fuel Efficient Flying in Light Aircraft was written for pilots flying light-single or twin piston-engine aircraft at the Student, Private or Commercial Pilot levels. Using the fuel carried on the aircraft in an efficient manner will not only save money but also increase the aircraft's range (distance flown) or endurance (time remaining airborne). This book, Range & Endurance, discusses various factors in the efficient use of the fuel available, describes fuel technology, light aircraft fuel systems, refuelling procedures, pre-flight planning in regards to fuel use and in-flight use of fuel to increase the aircraft's range or endurance. The book ends with a final chapter containing fuel calculation formulas for use on the pilot's E6-B Air Navigation Computer. Flying for range or endurance is an important part of a pilot's airmanship duties; this book Range & Endurance - Fuel Efficient Flying in Light Aircraft offers a good insight to achieve this on every flight.
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Informations
| Publié par | Andrews UK |
| Date de parution | 13 janvier 2015 |
| Nombre de lectures | 0 |
| EAN13 | 9781785380822 |
| Langue | English |
| Poids de l'ouvrage | 2 Mo |
Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.
Extrait
Conens
ïnroducîon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .îîî
Caper 1: Fue Tecnoogy . . . . . . . Caper 2: Aîrcrat Fue Sysems . . . . Caper 3: Fue Managemen . . . . . . Caper 4: Leanîng Tecnîques . . . . . Caper 5: Carbureor ïcîng . . . . . . Caper 6: Fîg Pan Fue . . . . . . . Caper 7: Aîrcrat Perormance . . . .
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. 1 16 31 53 71 79 92
Fue Cacuaîon Formuas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Gossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Bîbîograpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Range & Endurance
Frank Hichens
Fîrs pubîsed în 2007 by Aîrîe Pubîsîng, an împrîn o he Crowood Press Ld Ramsbury, Marboroug Wîsîre SN8 2HR www.crowood.com
2015 dîgîa versîon by Andrews UK Lîmîed www.andrewsuk.com
© 2007, 2015 Frank Hîcens
A rîgs reserved. No par o îs pubîcaîon may be reproduced or ransmîed în any orm or by any means, eecronîc or mecanîca, încudîng poocopy, recordîng, or any înormaîon sorage and rerîeva sysem, wîou permîssîon în wrîîng rom e pubîsers.
Edîed and desîgned by ïan Penbery
Inroducion
On 14 December 1986, Dîck Ruan and Jeanne Yeager et Edwards Aîr Force base, în Caîornîa, în eîr purpose-buî aîrcrat, Voyager, on e Irs around-e-word, non-sop, unreueed lîg. hey covered a oa dîsance o 25,012 saue mîes în 216 ours, 3 mînues and 44 seconds – ruy a lîg o grea range and endurance. heîr names and acîevemen wî sand orever în e annas o avîaîon îsory, aongsîde ose o Jon Acock and Arur Brown, Cares Lîndberg, Wîey Pos and many oers. For e average îg aîrcrat pîo, lîgs o up o 350 nauîca mîes or abou ree ours duraîon are more e norm. Nevereess, lyîng or range and endurance îs no ess împoran. ïn ese days o ever rîsîng ue prîces, geîng e bes range per gaon requîres lyîng e aîrcrat as eicîeny as possîbe wî regard o wînd veocîy, aîude, power seîngs, aîrcrat weîg and coîce o roue. Fue managemen beore and durîng lîg, and makîng precîse cacuaîons o ue consumpîon are jus as împoran. To îs end, a compee knowedge o e aîrcrat’s ue sysem and correc eanîng scedue îs essenîa o acîeve sae, ue-eicîen lîg. Mîsmanagemen o any par o e ue sysem can, and does, ead o unnecessary emergencîes. Every year, aîrcrat are anded sor o eîr desînaîons due o ue mîsmanagemen probems. Some experîence în-lîg engîne aîures durîng e cruîse, eadîng o orced andîngs. ïn suc sîuaîons, many pîos acîeve sae andîngs, wîe oers damage e aîrcrat and cause înjury, or even dea, o e aîrcrat’s occupans. Subsequeny, some o ese aîrcrat are dîscovered o be compeey ou o ue, wîe oers sî ave suicîen ue în anoer ank a woud ave aowed a sae conînuaîon o e desînaîon. Any sma error or omîssîon wen andîng e ue sysem can resu în an engîne aîure, wîc, î no correced quîcky, can resu în a orced andîng. hîs can appen o any o us, a any îme. ïn e USA, saîsîcs
îndîcae a 9–12 per cen o a accîdens are reaed o ue mîsmanagemen probems. Over a o ese accîdens are caused by ue exausîon due o auy lîg pannîng and/or andîng o e ue sysem. hîs means a ue mîsmanagemen accîdens are on a par wî ose caused by sas, durîng ake-of, cîmb and descen, and by mecanîca probems. ï ony akes a sma amoun o common sense o avoîd a ue probem. My ope îs a îs book wî make you aware o e pîas and ep preven you rom becomîng a saîsîc due o ue mîsmanagemen. ï speak rom experîence, as ï ave been responsîbe or a ue mîsmanagemen probem wîe lyîng a sînge-engîne aîrcrat. ï occurred a an aîrpor wî an over-waer approac pa. My eow pîo, wo was lyîng e approac, was no oo amîîar wî e ype o aîrcrat or wî e aîrpor were we were abou o and. ï suggesed a e sow down o approac speed o aow a deparîng aîrcrat îme o ge aîrborne. he engîne rpm reduced as e roed back, and en e announced a we were osîng power. here was no response rom e engîne as e pused e roe uy orward. My Irs rea engîne aîure! We were sî over waer a 1,000t wî abou wo mîes o run o reac e aîrpor; no cance o a ‘dead sîck’ andîng ere. Ha-way roug e engîne aîure ceck-îs, o our surprîse, e engîne suddeny burs back îno îe a u power, e roe beîng sî uy orward. We conînued on o make a norma andîng on e runway. Fue mîsmanagemen was e cause o e probem. ïnsead o appyîng carbureor ea beore reducîng power, e pîo ad pued e mîxure conro o ‘îde cu-of ’, sarvîng e engîne o ue! ï îs no ony pîos o îg aîrcrat wo experîence ue reaed probems; proessîona pîos are aso guîy o causîng em! he crew o one aîrîner înadvereny urned of e ue o bo engînes jus ater ake-of. Luckîy, ey dîscovered eîr error beore î was oo ae. An Aîr Canada Boeîng 767, on a lîg rom Monrea o Edmonon, anded sor o îs desînaîon on a sma aîrsrîp a Gîma, Manîoba. Fauy ue gauges and an error în converîng beween îres and US gaons by bo reueers and lîg crew
ad resued în ony a e requîred ue beîng oaded on board e aîrcrat beore lîg! Forunaey, e poweress andîng a Gîma resued în ony mînor aîrrame damage and no înjury o e occupans. ïn 1980, a Vîckers Vîscoun anded în a paddock în Devon oowîng ue sarvaîon, wîc resued în a ew înjurîes. Oer aîrîne crews ave experîenced sîmîar probems wî ess avourabe resus. Fyîng or range and endurance îs no sîmpy a maer o ‘goîng e dîsance’ or usîng e aîrcrat and ue eicîeny; î aso învoves e correc and common-sense andîng o e ue sysem. Mîsmanagîng e ue sysem, as e încîdens descrîbed prevîousy sow, can quîcky ermînae e lîg we sor o îs rue range and endurance. ï ave wrîen îs book maîny wî e prîvae pîo and new commercîa pîo în mînd, lyîng îg sînge- and wîn-engîned aîrcrat. Pîos wî greaer experîence may aso beneI rom readîng î, owever, usîng î as a rereser on range and endurance lyîng. ï sars wî a brîe ook a ue ecnoogy, oowed by a consîderaîon o dîferen ue eanîng procedures. Nex, aîrcrat ue sysems are covered, oowed by e pracîca aspecs and eory o ue managemen. hen comes e a-împoran aspec o pre-lîg pannîng, ater wîc range and endurance are dîscussed rom an aerodynamîc poîn o vîew. Fînay, î concudes wî a seecîon o ormuas or sovîng ue cacuaîon probems on e E6-B aîr navîgaîon compuer. As e pîo în command, you soud be amîîar wî, and use, e lîg manua or pîo’s operaîng andbook (POH) or e aîrcrat you ly. hîs poîn canno be overempasîzed, as e lîg manua îs e number-one pubîcaîon or your aîrcrat and îs sysems. Once you ave an undersandîng o e manua and e operaîon o your aîrcrat’s ue sysem, and ave read îs book, you soud be abe o conduc every lîg proessîonay wî regard o lyîng or range and endurance. An împoran aspec o good aîrmansîp îs beîng abe o conduc eac lîg o îs sae ermînaîon, usîng ue economîcay and arrîvîng wî suicîen
reserve în e anks. ï ope a îs book wî ep you o acîeve e objecîve o sae and ue eicîen lîg. ïn concusîon, ï woud îke o ank my good rîend Naan Bumore or îs assîsance în scannîng e dîagrams and poograps or îs book. Aso, ï woud îke o ank Weîngon Aero Cub însrucor Nîcoa Wa or e assîsance se gave me wen ï poograped e cub’s Pîper Tomaawk beîng reueed. heîr ep îs greay apprecîaed. A e poograps în îs book are rom e my own coecîon. Fy saey wî knowedge.
Frank Hîcens Weîngon, New Zeaand 2007
Chaper 1: Fuel Technology
One o e bîgges expenses o operaîng an aîrcrat, weer a îg sînge or a eavy je ranspor, îs e cos o ue. Runnîng an aîrcrat economîcay and geîng e mos range rom a gîven quanîy o ue requîres an exceen knowedge o e aîrcrat’s ue sysem, eanîng ecnîques and ue managemen, bo beore and în lîg. ï aso eps o ave a genera apprecîaîon o e ue’s îmîaîons and abîîîes. hereore, ï’ begîn îs sudy o lyîng or range and endurance wî a brîe ook a ue ecnoogy. Crude peroeum oî îs one o e word’s naura resources, avîng been ormed many mîîons o years ago rom decayîng pan and anîma maer. ï was evenuay dîscovered by geoogîss deep benea e ear’s surace în varîous pars o e word. he ocaîon o an oî Ied deermînes e crude oî’s cemîca composîîon, îs pysîca properîes and îs quaîy, wîc can vary rom pace o pace. he oî reInîng îndusry ad îs begînnîngs wen James Wîîams opened e word’s Irs oî reInery în Canada în 1857. ïn 1859, a Tîusvîe, Pennsyvanîa, E.. Drake drîed e Irs we specîIcay or e purpose o obaînîng oî. Samue Van Sîcky urer deveoped e muî-sep reInîng process, în common use oday, în 1877 în e USA. he process o reInîng crude oî îno peroeum îs compex, and a compee expanaîon îs beyond e scope o îs book. However, î îs wor avîng a brîe ook a e basîc seps beore sudyîng e ue’s dîferen caracerîsîcs. Crude oî passes roug ree basîc reInîng processes o become îs Inîsed producs. ïn e Irs process o dîsîaîon, î îs eaed în a ‘sî’. As e emperaure o e crude oî rîses, pero (or Avgas) boîs of a around 200°C (392°F). hîs îs oowed by kerosene, dîese oî and urbîne ue, wîc evaporaes a 180– 345°C (356–653°F). Oer by-producs, known coecîvey as ‘racîons’, vaporîze a dîferen emperaures. he racîons are aowed o coo and condense îno îquîds, or dîsîaes, or urer
reInîng. he îger eemens (îso-buane îs e îges) boî of a ower emperaures, wîe e eavîer eemens (napaene îs e eavîes) become gases a îger emperaures. Treaîng and bendîng are aso pars o e Irs sage, wîc îsoaes e varîous producs. he second sage o e reInîng process îs known as ‘crackîng’. hîs causes e varîous cemîca compounds o condense. he îrd process învoves ‘reormîng’, or producîng e Ina producs. Peroeum oî consîss o 50–98 per cen ydrocarbons, e remaînîng consîuens beîng varîous organîc compounds, suc as nîrogen, oxygen and supur. Over a undred dîferen ypes o ydrocarbon are ound în crude oî, rom e amîîes o parain, napene and aromaîcs. Mos o e Ina peroeum producs conaîn around weny-Ive ydrocarbons. Durîng e Ina process, a varîey o cemîca addîîves are combîned wî e ue. he addîîves a are reevan o avîaîon ue are eraey ead (TEL), eyene dîbromîde (Ed) and a dye known as mey anîîne, an exrac rom coa ar. he dye îs used o coour e ue or îdenîIcaîon purposes. ï wî ook more cosey a eraey ead and eyene dîbromîde aer în îs caper. As pîos, our maîn îneres îs în pero produced or pîson engînes, known as Avgas în avîaîon cîrces. However, je engînes burn kerosene, generay known as Je A-1, Avur, JP-1 and JP-5. Je ue îs obaîned rom napene or kerosene, wîe Avgas comes rom îg pero or caayîc crackîng, a par o e compexîy o e oî reInîng process.
heEnergyConenoFuel
One o e aws o pysîcs îs a energy can neîer be creaed nor desroyed. However, energy can be convered rom one orm o anoer. Hea, or erma energy, can be convered o mecanîca energy wen ue îs burned o cause gases o expand and drîve a pîson or urbîne engîne. An aîrcrat engîne îs desîgned o burn
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