Practical Electrical and Current Signature Analysis of Electrical Machinery and Systems , livre ebook

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Written with the field technician, engineer, or reliability/maintenance manager in mind, Practical Electrical and Current Signature Analysis for Electrical Machinery and Systems is an essential working tool for the new and experienced ESA and MCSA practitioner. The book takes the practitioner well beyond the electric motor into incoming power, mechanical components, and driven equipment up to and including complete DFIG wind turbine and powertrain analysis and alternative energy transformers. It is based upon decades of field experience and practical research concluding with an overview of machine learning associated with basic motor data and present applications of ESA/MCSA IoT systems. Whether data collection or continuous monitoring regardless of the technician''s choice of technology, you will understand the requirements, capabilities, and limitations to provide accurate prognostics. For managers and engineers who need to understand the capabilities of ESA/MCSA the book provides an easy-to-understand overview of the technology along with extensive real case studies.

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Publié par	Success By Design
Date de parution	31 octobre 2022
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9780960117314
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,2500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Practical Electrical and Current Signature Analysis of Electrical Machinery and Systems
Howard W Penrose, Ph.D., CMRP
Copyright © 2022 Howard W Penrose, Ph.D., CMRP © 2022 SUCCESS by DESIGN Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems – except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews – without permission in writing from its publisher, SUCCESS by DESIGN Publishing.
Published by: SUCCESS by DESIGN Publishing, Lombard, Illinois Contact: info@motordoc.com
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the use of the information contained within this book does not imply or infer warranty or guaranties in any form.
ISBN 978-0-9601173-0-7 (print book)
ISBN 978-0-9601173-1-4 (ePUB)
ISBN 978-0-9601173-2-1 (EPDF)
Contents
Table of Equations
Table of Figures
Forward
Section 1: Power Quality and Power Supply
Introduction
Voltage Quality
Voltage Variation: Under and Over Voltage
Voltage Unbalance
Voltage Impulses
Voltage Swells and Sags
Power Factor and True Power Factor
Apparent Power Factor (PFA)
True Power Factor (PFT)
Correction for Power Factor Concerns
Harmonic Conditions
Analyzing Harmonics
Correcting Harmonics
Neutral Harmonics
Equipment and System Ground
Frequency Variation
Section 2: Electric Machines and ESA
Introduction
Principles of Electrical Signature Analysis and Current Signature Analysis
Synchronous Generators
Hydro Generators
Gas Turbines and Diesel Generators with Case Studies
Wind Turbine Generators (DFIG and SFIG)
Transformers
Troubleshooting Transformers with ESA
Utility Scale Solar Transformers
Electric Motors
AC Induction Motor Theory and ESA
Evaluating Induction Motors
Induction Motor Case Studies – Rotor Bars
Bench Testing 900 HP 4160 V 3565 RPM Induction Motor
Induction Motor and Wind Turbine Stator Slot Signatures
Induction Motor Stator Winding Issues
Understanding Induction Motor Eccentricity
Pump Motor with Static Eccentricity due to Misalignment
Loose Base Conditions and Related Losses
Motor Imbalance and Bearing Life and Related Energy Costs
Energy and GHG Emissions Impact of Misalignment
Synchronous Motors
Synchronous Motor Failures and ESA
Servo and Machine Tool Motors
Spindle Machines
AC Servo Motor
Hybrid Vehicle AC Traction Analysis
Application of ESA in a Two-Mode Hybrid Tahoe – A Case Study
DC Electric Motors
DC Troubleshooting Patterns
Considerations in DC Analysis
DC Motor Analysis Discussion
Case Study: Good DC Elevator Drive with Worn Commutator
Case Study: DC Drive and Armature Defects
Case Study: Analyzing a Roughing Mill Motor
Section 3: Evaluation of Driven Equipment with ESA
Belted Applications
Case Study: Belted Application and 1X RPM
Case Study: Belt Defect Energy and Emissions
Case Study: Belt Slip
Case Study: Fan Turbulence and Vibration with Multi-Technology in a Direct Drive Fan
Pump Applications for ESA
Case Study: Cavitation
Case Study: A Good Pump with Seal Degradation
Case Study: Pump with Major Defects
Gearboxes
Case Study: Right Angle Gearbox (Worm Gear) AC Elevator
Case Study: Cooling Tower Gearbox
Section 4: Tying it Together in a Wind Turbine
Section 5: Machine Learning and RUL/TTFE
Machine Learning with Electric Motor Raw Data
Thoughts on Machine Learning in 2022
Index
Table of Equations
Equation 1: Voltage unbalance (1) Determine the average voltage
Equation 2: Voltage unbalance (2) Determine the unbalance
Equation 3: True power factor formula
Equation 4: Synchronous speed where f is line frequency and P is the number of poles
Equation 5: c(t) is the carrier wave of frequency f c and amplitude A
Equation 6: Where m(t) is the data associated with a defect
Equation 7: Modulated signal when m(t) < c(t)
Equation 8: Combination of Equations 5, 6, and 7
Equation 9: Force (F) at right angles, B is magnetic flux density (in Tesla, T), I is current in amps, l length in meters
Equation 10: Impact of inverse square law on force and current
Equation 11: Fast Fourier transform (FFT) definition
Equation 12: Hanning (Han) window
Equation 13: Flat Top window
Equation 14: Current decibels where I 2 is the current for conversion and I 1 is the fundamental current value
Equation 15: Voltage decibels where V 2 is the voltage for conversion and V 1 is the fundamental current value
Equation 16: Sample rate time
Equation 17: Stator slot defect frequencies where f SS are the frequencies, S S are the number of stator slots, f is line frequency, p is the number of pole pairs, and s is the slip
Equation 18: PPF using twice slip frequency calculation approach
Equation 19: PPF using the number of poles times the difference of synchronous speed versus running speed
Equation 20: Voltage turns ratio
Equation 21: Current turns ratio
Equation 22: Load impedance
Equation 23: Equivalent Primary impedance
Equation 24: Internal impedance
Equation 25: Synchronous speed
Equation 26: Number of poles
Equation 27: Percent slip (s)
Equation 28: Slip frequency
Equation 29: Horsepower and torque relationship
Equation 30: Efficiency equation
Equation 31: Rotor eccentricity
Equation 32: Synchronous speed
Equation 33: Electrical Stress Where f ss are the stator short frequencies, n and k are integers (1, 2, 3, …)
Equation 34: Stator slot frequency formula
Equation 35: Simplified stator slot frequency
Equation 36: Vibration beat frequency
Equation 37: Calculating magnetic position of defect
Equation 38: Unbalanced magnetic pull force in newtons
Equation 39: Static eccentricity ignoring any presence of dynamic eccentricity
Equation 40: Dynamic eccentricity ignoring any presence of static eccentricity
Equation 41: Static eccentricity peaks
Equation 42: Static eccentricity simple equation
Equation 43: Dynamic eccentricity
Equation 44: L10 bearing life calculation
Equation 45: Modification factors
Equation 46: Force of imbalance in foot-pounds
Equation 47: Energy and emission calculations for 1 horsepower motor
Equation 48: 125 horsepower imbalance energy losses
Equation 49: Loss curve average for misalignment
Equation 50: Belt length calculation
Equation 51: Belt or conveyor speed calculation
Equation 52: Belt frequency
Equation 53: Driven equipment speed
Equation 54: Belt slip where SS c is calculated shaft speed and SS A is actual shaft speed
Equation 55: Linear Degradation
Equation 56: Exponential degradation
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Potential voltage example using a room referenced to ground
Figure 2: Voltage variation from nameplate voltage
Figure 3: Voltage unbalance multiplier
Figure 4: Current inrush and voltage sag during starting of a 4160 volt electric motor
Figure 5: Power factor representation including kVAR inductive and capacitive
Figure 6: Waveform of one phase voltage and lagging current
Figure 7: Voltage and current vectors related to Figure 6
Figure 8: Voltage and current harmonics for Figures 6 and 7
Figure 9: Voltage and current with heavy current-notching and related 5th harmonic
Figure 10: Phasor diagram for Figure 9
Figure 11: Harmonics associated with Figure 9
Figure 12: 5th harmonic current notching
Figure 13: Harmonics associated with Figure 12
Figure 14: Neutral currents
Figure 15: Harmonic content associated with Figure 14
Figure 16: 480/277 volt lighting panel three-phase power and neutral currents
Figure 17: Following the installation of the neutral current filter
Figure 18: Ground noise during startup of a 300 hp electric motor on a soft start. Peaks exceeded 160 amps
Figure 19: Switchgear failure from missing HRG fuses and multiple equipment grounds
Figure 20: Linear spectra in current. Top data is RMS current and bottom is current spectra
Figure 21: Same data from Figure 20 but with conversion to dB. FFT using Flat Top window
Figure 22: Small 5MW 3600 RPM 4160 V turbo generator
Figure 23: Missing wedges in a large turbo generator
Figure 24: Diesel generator in marine application
Figure 25: ESA voltage signature from Figure 24 marine diesel
Figure 26: High frequency spectra of Figure 24 marine diesel generator
Figure 27: Rotor being removed from a 24 MW, 13,800 Vac, 4-pole generator
Figure 28: Low frequency spectra indicating PPF sidebands and 20 Hz SSR
Figure 29: High frequency spectra indicating some dynamic eccentricity and winding stresses
Figure 30: Borescope inspection showing threads in bolt which should have had insulation all the way to the shaft (left center). Markings indicate stress in the rotor shaft material
Figure 31: Voltage spectra with waterfall plot indicating broad peaks the result of variable speed
Figure 32: Low frequency spectra of wind turbine generator in voltage and current with waterfall of voltage
Figure 33: Wind generator conditions in voltage and current high frequency spectra in wind gusts
Figure 34: High frequency data for the generator from Figure 32 with static eccentricity
Figure 35: Power transformer
Figure 36: Delta-Delta transformer
Figure 37: Delta-Wye transformer
Figure 38: Wye-Delta transformer
Figure 39: Wye-Wye transformer
Figure 40: Delta-Wye transformer connection
Figure 41: Delta-Delta transformer connection
Figure 42: Single-phase transformer connection
Figure 43: Lighting transformer with loose connection on phase 3
Figure 44: Phase data for the lighting transformer in Figure 43
Figure 45: Continuous monitoring ESA device attached to utility revenue meter for energy and reliability study
Figure 46: Voltage disturbance at utility point of common connection
Figure 47: Voltage waveform showing phase-to-ph