The Needs of Others , livre ebook

The University of North Carolina Press - Kelly McFall

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151 pages

English

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The Needs of Others is set at the UN in 1994, where diplomats learn of violence in Rwanda. Representing UN ambassadors, human rights organizations, journalists, and public opinion leaders, students wrestle with difficult questions based on an unsteady trickle of information: Should the UN peacekeeping mission be withdrawn or strengthened? Is the fighting in Rwanda a civil war or something else? Does the UN have an obligation to intervene?

Sujets

Black Studies

Social Science

Sociologie, société et politique

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Publié par	The University of North Carolina Press
Date de parution	01 juillet 2022
Nombre de lectures	1
EAN13	9781469672328
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1000€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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THE NEEDS OF OTHERS
REACTING TO THE PAST is an award-winning series of immersive role-playing games that actively engage students in their own learning. Students assume the roles of historical characters and practice critical thinking, primary source analysis, and argument, both written and spoken. Reacting games are flexible enough to be used across the curriculum, from first-year general education classes and discussion sections of lecture classes to capstone experiences, intersession courses, and honors programs.
Reacting to the Past was originally developed under the auspices of Barnard College and is sustained by the Reacting Consortium of colleges and universities. The Consortium hosts a regular series of conferences and events to support faculty and administrators.
Note to instructors: Before beginning the game you must download the Gamemaster s Materials, including an instructor s guide containing a detailed schedule of class sessions, role sheets for students, and handouts.
To download this essential resource, visit https://reactingconsortium.org/games , click on the page for this title, then click Instructors Guide.
THE NEEDS OF OTHERS
Human Rights, International Organizations, and Intervention in Rwanda, 1994
Kelly McFall

The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill
2022 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.
Cover illustration: Local Personnel Break Down Pallets and Load Trucks with Supplies That Will Be Driven to Rwanda to the Refugee Camps , Department of Defense, American Forces Information Service, Defense Visual Information Center, May 12, 1994. Wikimedia Commons.
ISBN 978-1-4696-7068-3 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-7232-8 (e-book)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kelly McFall is professor of history and Director of the Honors Program at Newman University, where he teaches broadly in modern history and genocide studies. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University. He s been involved with Reacting since 2008 and currently serves on the Editorial Board. As a member of the Board, he has learned from all of the authors whose games he has read and played. He is a co-author of Changing the Game: Title IX, Gender, and Athletics in American Universities , a game in development in the Reacting to the Past Series. He is also the host of the podcast New Books in Genocide Studies .
CONTENTS
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Brief Overview of the Game
Prologue
What Is Reacting to the Past
How to React
Game Setup
Game Play
Game Requirements
Counterfactuals
PART 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Chronology
A Short History of Rwanda
Precolonial History
Rwanda under the Europeans
Postcolonial Rwanda, 1962-1990
The Formation of the RPF
Rwanda in Crisis
The United Nations: A Brief History
The League of Nations and the Birth of the UN
Founding the UN: Visions and Institutions
The UN during the Cold War
The UN after the Cold War
Bosnia and the Role of UN Peacekeeping
Legacy of Yugoslavia
The Question of Intervention
Conclusion
Key Concepts and Terms
Genocide
Sovereignty
Human Rights
PART 3: THE GAME
Major Issues for Debate
Rules and Procedures
Objectives and Victory Conditions
Terminology
Basic Outline of the Game
Meetings of the UN Security Council
Motions and Voting
Press Conferences
Demonstrations
Other Considerations
Game Versions and Sessions
Assignments
PART 4: ROLES AND FACTIONS
UN Ambassadors and Advisers
UN and U.S. Officials
Representatives of Human Rights Organizations and Other NGOs
Journalists
Representatives of Public Opinion
PART 5: CORE TEXTS
Brief Introduction to the Reading
Questions to Consider While Reading
United Nations General Assembly
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948
Resolution 872 [Establishing UNAMIR], 1993
Resolution 909 [Extending UNAMIR s Mandate], 1994
Michael Walzer
From Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations , 1977
Fernando Teson
From Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality , 1988
George H. W. Bush
New World Order Speech, 1991
Fran ois Mitterrand
Speech at La Baule, 1990
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
An Agenda for Peace, 1992
American Leadership Confronting the Challenges of a Broader World
Bill Clinton
Address to the UN General Assembly, 1993
Madeleine Albright
Address to the National War College, 1993
American Responses to Mogadishu
Jesse Helms
Address to Congress, 1993
Bill Clinton
Address to the Nation, 1993
Appendix A: Bob s Rules of Order
Appendix B: List of Common Abbreviations
Selected Bibliography
Notes
Acknowledgments

PART 1: INTRODUCTION
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE GAME
What responsibility do we have for our fellow human beings? What right do we have to intervene in peoples lives to prevent them from hurting others? What, in the end, can and should (or must) we do about injustice and oppression? Are we, in fact, our brother s (or sister s) keeper?
These are thorny questions in the abstract, but things become even more complicated when we think specifically about how our governments should respond to real problems facing people across the globe. Despite the many scientific discoveries and economic gains of the past centuries, the world remains a hard place for many. Whether because of lack of resources, regional instability, or governmental oppression, people continue to suffer. It would be wonderful to help everyone, but the painful truth is that governments, like individuals, lack the time, money, and knowledge to do so. We must choose who to help. But how can we choose?
The game The Needs of Others asks you to wrestle with these fundamental questions. It does so by immersing you into the world of international policy making and public opinion in April and May of 1994. As the game begins, a long-simmering conflict within Rwanda breaks out into massive violence, and the United Nations (UN) must decide how to respond. Some players will, as part of the UN Security Council (UNSC), have the authority and responsibility to debate proposals and make policy. Others, as leaders of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), Journalists, or Representatives of Public Opinion, will attempt to learn more about what s going on in Rwanda and influence public policy accordingly. These players will write papers, ask questions, and hold demonstrations to pressure policy makers. All of this takes place in an environment complicated by inadequate information, pressure to make rapid decisions, and outside demands on the time and intellectual energy of policy makers.
The game begins shortly after someone shoots down Rwandan President Juv nal Habyarimana s plane over Kigali in April 1994, which sparks waves of violence. With information arriving to the UN rapidly but haphazardly, you will have to make decisions. Should the UN peacekeeping mission be withdrawn or strengthened? Is the fighting in Rwanda a civil war or something else? Does the UN have an obligation to intervene? If so, how can this be done successfully? Who will pay for it? The UNSC will debate all of these questions and more. You ll need to balance moral beliefs with practical constraints, what you believe is right and what you believe is possible. Presenting your decisions to the public will challenge you even more. In particular, events in Rwanda may overtake debates in New York. But, as always, lives rest on your decisions.
PROLOGUE
They call this spring?
You ve spent more than five years of your life in New York, but you re still surprised how slowly warmth returns. At home, flowers would be blooming, children swinging on the playground and parents cutting the lawn. You smile wistfully as you pull your hood up over your ears. Spring may be coming to Manhattan. But it s not here yet.
Of course, your being here is almost as unlikely as spring in early April. Growing up in a small town in Georgia, no one expected you to do anything other than wait tables or get pregnant. Most of your friends thought this quite enough. But something about that didn t work for you. Somehow, being born in the South during the civil rights era made you believe your life had to have a purpose.
You found that purpose in serving others. You worked shifts at the homeless shelter and tutored poor children in reading while in college. But what made your heart explode was the unimaginable suffering of the poor in Africa and Asia. So you tried to understand the big picture, majoring in political science and African studies at Emory and getting a master s in public policy from Georgetown. You worked hard, compiling the essential portfolio of references, internships, and writings that would make you competitive in a world so different from that in which you grew up.
You pause and laugh at yourself as you turn onto Fifth Avenue. You ve always been a little driven (well, maybe more than a little). Sure, you goofed off some as well. But you ve always been in a bit of a hurry. An old boyfriend said once that you were so obsessed about being on time you d get someplace before you d decided to go there (must have been hard for him to get along with you. He was never much interested in being prompt). Not a surprise you ve arrived for your 12:30 lunch at 12:10. You decide to walk around the block a couple times before you enter the restaurant. At least you ll burn some calories as you wait.
Your passion (self-discipline?) paid off. Just before defending your thesis, you accepted a job with Human Rights Watch (HRW), one of the most prominent nongovernmental organizations in the new field of international human rights. There you would research and write about human rights in Africa. How you celebrated that night.
That was a heady time for everyone in the human rights field. Until the late 1980s, the twentiet