In the light of the deepening crisis of capitalism and continued non-Western capitalist accumulation, Henry Heller re-examines the debates surrounding the transition from feudalism to capitalism in Europe and elsewhere.
Focusing on arguments about the origin, nature and sustainability of capitalism, Heller offers a new reading of the historical evidence and a critical interrogation of the transition debate. He advances the idea that capitalism must be understood as a political as well as an economic entity. This book breathes new life into the scholarship, taking issue with the excessively economistic approach of Robert Brenner, which has gained increasing support over the last ten years. It concludes that the future of capitalism is more threatened than ever before.
The new insights in this book make it essential reading for engaged students and scholars of political economy and history. Preface and acknowledgements
Introduction: problems and methods
1. The Decline of feudalism
2. Experiments in capitalism: Italy, Germany, France
3. English capitalism
4. Bourgeois revolution
5. Political capitalism
6. The Industrial Revolution: Marxist perspectives
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Extrait
THE BIRTH OF CAPITALISM
The Future of World Capitalism Series editors: Radhika Desai and Alan Freeman
The world is undergoing a major realignment. The 2008 financial crash and ensuing recession, China’s unremitting economic advance, and the uprisings in the Middle East, are laying to rest all dreams of an ‘American Century’. This key moment in history makes weightyintellectual demands on all who wish to understand and shape the future. Theoretical debate has been derailed, and critical thinking stifled, by apologetic and superficial ideas with almost no explanatory value, ‘globalization’ being only the best known. Academic political economy has failed to anticipate the key events now shaping the world, and offers few useful insights on how to react to them. The Future of World Capitalism series will foster intellectual renewal, restoring the radical heritage that gave us the international labour movement, the women’s movement, classical Marxism, and the great revolutions of the twentieth century. It will unite them with new thinking inspired by modern struggles for civil rights, social justice, sustainability, and peace, giving theoretical expression to the voices of change of the twentyfirst century. Drawing on an international set of authors, and a worldwide reader ship, combining rigour with accessibility and relevance, this series will set a reference standard for critical publishing.
Also available:
Remaking Scarcity: From Capitalist Inefficiency to Economic Democracy Costas Panayotakis
First published 2011 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA www.plutobooks.com
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Fernwood Publishing Company Limited gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund, the Canada Council for the Arts, the Nova Scotia Department of Tourism and Culture and the Province of Manitoba, through the Book Publishing Tax Credit, for our publishing program.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Heller, Henry, 1938 The birth of capitalism : a twentyfirst century perspective / Henry Heller. (The future of world capitalism) ISBN 9781552664520 1. CapitalismHistory. I. Title. II. Series: Future of world capitalism (Winnipeg, Man.) HB501.H439 2011 330.12'2 C20119023717
The right of Henry Heller to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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CONTENTS
Preface and acknowledgements
Introduction: problems and methods Capitalist origins and crises Economism and Eurocentrism An alternative reading Plan of the book The argument The unity of the Marxist method Alternatives to Marxism Marxism and history Capitalism and world history
1 The decline of feudalism Dobb’s opening gambit Dobb versus Sweezy Takahashi and Hilton Class struggle The role of towns Uneven development The New Left takes over Japanese feudalism The last rampart of feudalism Brenner and the late medieval crisis The East–West divide The logic of accumulation Bois objects Harman’s riposte The role of social differentiation Dialectics of social relations
2 Experiments in capitalism: Italy, Germany, France Renaissance Italy
The dominance of merchant capital The failure of Italian capitalism The predatory citystate German capitalism Engels and early bourgeois revolution History in the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR) Revolution of the common people Tom Scott’s structural adjustment France Brenner’s other Capitalism in France Conclusion
3 English capitalism Dobb versus Sweezy Primitive accumulation The really revolutionary way Wallerstein’s world system Brenner’s attack on ‘neoSmithian Marxism’ The problems with Brenner The nonEuropean contribution to European capitalism The causes of underdevelopment Primitive accumulation in the periphery Markets and history The capitalist farmer Salvaging Brenner? The birth of value Conclusion
4 Bourgeois revolution Holland Dutch merchant capitalism Agrarian capitalism The Political Marxists England The capitalist farmers in Marx The middle sort France Rural capitalism The rise of political economy Wage labour in France The revolutionary crisis Conclusion
5 Political capitalism Lords in the making of the modern world The American and Prussian paths Combined and uneven development in Scotland Japanese capitalism The mercantilism of free trade Colonialism Slavery Conclusion
6 The Industrial Revolution: Marxist perspectives Hobsbawm and the overseas market Marx on manufacture and industry Dobb and the proletariat The labour process Technological determinism Thompson and the working class making its own history … … but not in circumstances of its own choosing The human cost Protoindustrialization The industrious revolution The Scientific Revolution The effacement of the bourgeoisie Conclusion 7 Capitalism and world history The attack on Eurocentrism Postcolonial histories The Great Divergence The Asian industrious revolution A nonEurocentric history Harvey’s spatial fix Capitalism versus humanity and nature