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Publié par | eBookIt.com |
Date de parution | 18 juillet 2023 |
Nombre de lectures | 0 |
EAN13 | 9781456641177 |
Langue | English |
Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.
Extrait
The Biased Brain
A Comprehensive Exploration of Cognitive Distortions
by Bo Bennett, PhD
Copyright 2023 Archieboy Holdings, LLC.
All rights reserved.
Formatted, Converted, and Distributed by eBookIt.com
http://www.eBookIt.com
ISBN-13: 9781456641207 (hardcover)
ISBN-13: 9781456641184 (paperback)
ISBN-13: 9781456641177 (ebook)
ISBN-13: 9781456641214 (audiobook)
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the author. The only exception is by a reviewer, who may quote short excerpts in a review.
Dear Esteemed Reader,
Thank you immensely for choosing this book to join your collection. We imagine that you’ve already embarked on an exploration of ideas within these pages, and we couldn’t be happier about it!
Now, if you find yourself chuckling, pondering, or even debating with the words in front of you, we’d absolutely love to hear about it. If you can spare a few moments to pen down your thoughts in a review, we would be as delighted as a dictionary on a spelling bee!
An Amazon review would be excellent - but hey, we’re far from picky. Whether it’s a scribble on the back of a grocery list, a tweet, or even a message in a bottle (though that might take a while to reach us), your feedback is gold.
Writing a review might not be as fun as a spontaneous dance-off, but we promise it’ll bring grins to our faces, warmth to our hearts, and incredibly valuable insights to future readers.
With Gratitude,
Bo Bennett, PhD Publisher Archieboy Holdings, LLC.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Actor–Observer Bias
Ambiguity Aversion
Ambiguity Effect
Anchoring Bias
Anthropic Bias
Appeal to Novelty
Argument from Repetition (Argument Ad Nauseam)
Association Fallacy
Association-Transfer Bias
Attentional Bias
Attentional Blink
Authority Bias
Automation Bias
Availability Cascade
Availability Heuristic
Backfire Effect
Backward Induction
Backward Reasoning
Bandwagon Effect
Base Rate Neglect
Belief Bias
Belief Perseverance
Ben Franklin Effect
Bias Blind Spot
Boomerang Effect
Bystander Effect
Cheerleader Effect
Choice-Supportive Bias
Chameleon Effect
Clustering Illusion
Cobra Effect
Confirmation Bias
Conjunction Fallacy
Conservatism Bias
Construal Level Theory
Contrast Effect
Control Bias
Courtesy Bias
Curse of Knowledge
Decoy Effect
Default Effect
Denomination Effect
Disconfirmation Bias
Disjunction Fallacy
Disregard of Regression Toward the Mean
Divergence Bias
Door-In-The-Face Technique
Dunning-Kruger Effect
Duration Neglect
Effort Justification
Egocentric Bias
Endowment Effect
Epistemic Closure
Experimenter’s Bias (Expectation Bias)
Extension Neglect
Extrinsic Incentives Bias
False Consensus Effect
False Dichotomy
False Fame Effect
False Memory
Fading Affect Bias
Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
Focusing Effect
Foot-In-The-Door Technique
Forer Effect (Barnum Effect)
Framing Effect
Frequency Illusion
Functional Fixedness
Fundamental Attribution Error
Gambler’s Fallacy
Generation Bias
Google Effect
Group Attribution Error
Groupthink
Hard-Easy Effect
Halo Effect
Hawthorne Effect
Herd Instinct
Hindsight Bias
Hoarding
Horns Effect
Hot-Hand Fallacy
Hot-Cold Empathy Gap
Hyperbolic Discounting
Illusion of Asymmetric Insight
Illusion of Attention
Illusion of Control
Illusion of External Agency
Illusion of Explanatory Depth
Illusion of Knowledge
Illusion of Skill
Illusion of Superiority
Illusion of Transparency
Illusion of Truth Effect
Illusory of Understanding
Illusory Pattern Perception
Impact Bias
Impostor Syndrome
Inattentional Blindness
Inductive Bias
Information Bias
Insensitivity to Sample Size
Introspection Illusion
In-group Bias
Irrelevant Alternatives Fallacy
Irrational Escalation
Just-Noticeable Difference (JND)
Just-World Hypothesis
Law of the Instrument
Law of Triviality
Less-is-Better Effect
Likability Bias
Licensing Effect
Loss Aversion
Mere Exposure Effect
Memory Bias
Misattribution of Arousal
Misinformation Effect
Money Illusion
Mood-Congruent Judgment
Mood-Congruent Memory Bias
Moral Credential Effect
Moral Luck
Myside Bias
Naive Realism
Narrative Fallacy
Negativity Bias
Neglect of Duration
Neglect of Probability
Normalcy Bias
Not Invented Here (NIH) Syndrome
Observer Expectancy Effect
Observational Selection Bias
Omission Bias
Optimism Bias
Outcome Bias
Outgroup Homogeneity Bias
Overconfidence Bias
Overestimation Bias
Overprecision
Overreaction Bias
Overtrust
Pareidolia
Peak-End Rule
Perceptual Bias
Picture Superiority Effect
Planning Fallacy
Positivity Effect
Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc Fallacy
Post-Purchase Rationalization
Pratfall Effect
Primacy Effect
Priming
Pro-Innovation Bias
Projection Bias
Proportionality Bias
Prototype Heuristic
Pseudocertainty Effect
Pseudo-opinion
Psychological Reactance
Pygmalion Effect
Reactive Devaluation
Recency Effect
Reification (Concretism, Hypostatization, or the Fallacy of Misplaced Concreteness)
Rejection of Instruction
Reminiscence Bump
Representativeness Heuristic
Restraint Bias
Rhyme as Reason Effect
Risk Compensation or Peltzman Effect
Rosy Retrospection
Satisficing
Scarcity Principle
Scope Insensitivity
Selective Exposure
Self-Consistency Bias
Self-Enhancement Bias
Self-Handicapping Bias
Self-Perception Bias
Self-Relevance Effect
Self-Reference Effect
Semmelweis Reflex
Shared Information Bias
Simulation Heuristic
Sleeper Effect
Social Attribution Bias
Social Comparison Bias
Social Desirability Bias
Social Loafing
Stereotype Boost and Stereotype Lift
Stereotype Threat
Stereotyping
Status Quo Bias
Streetlight Effect
Subadditivity Effect
Subjective Validation
Survivorship Bias
Sunk Cost Fallacy
System Justification
Telescoping Bias
Temporal Discounting
The Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy
Third Person Effect
Thought Suppression
Time-saving Bias
Trait Negativity Bias
Trivial-Pursuit Effect
Triviality Bias
Ultimate Attribution Error
Uncertainty Bias
Unit Bias
Von Restorff Effect
Wishful Thinking
WYSIATI (What You See Is All There Is)
Zeigarnik Effect
Zero Price Effect
Zero-Sum Bias
Zero Risk Bias
Conclusion
About the Author
Introduction
Welcome! I’m Bo Bennett, PhD, social psychologist and tour guide, navigating the perplexing labyrinth of the human mind. You might know me from my best-selling book, “Logically Fallacious,” a merry romp through the world of logical fallacies. But my friends, fallacies are only part of the puzzle, the frosting on the cognitive cake, so to speak. To get a more complete picture of human reasoning (and occasionally, un-reasoning), we need to delve into the realm of cognitive biases. So get ready to have your mind blown–or at least say to yourself, “Wow, that’s interesting.”
You see, logical fallacies and cognitive biases are like mischievous twins. They look similar and often conspire together, but they’re distinct in their own right. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning, the result of faulty logic. They’re akin to reaching an incorrect solution in a math problem because you added when you should have subtracted. Cognitive biases, on the other hand, are systematic errors in our thinking that influence our choices and judgments. They’re like a calculator that’s always a few digits off, no matter how carefully you punch in the numbers.
“But Bo, how come many of these biases have ‘Fallacy’ in the name?” Wise observation, my friend. This is because a fallacy, in a general sense of the term, is more synonymous with “error” in the context of language or thought. In that regard, a “logical fallacy” would be a subset of “fallacy”. Confused? Don’t lose sleep over it. I don’t.
Despite their differences, both logical fallacies and cognitive biases are disruptions in our thought process. They prevent us from seeing the world as it is, instead presenting us with a distorted, often self-serving version of reality. It’s a bit like wearing rose-tinted glasses that also happen to have smudges, scratches, and the occasional bug splatter.
Take politics, for instance. The Confirmation Bias - a cognitive bias - nudges us to favor information that supports our beliefs, while the Strawman Fallacy - a logical fallacy - misrepresents an opponent’s argument to make it easier to attack. Together, they’re like a tag team, working to undermine objective reasoning.
In religion, the Belief Bias clouds our judgment of logic and evidence, while the Appeal to Faith Fallacy argues that belief comes from faith, not evidence. These two can tango together, leading to steadfast belief without logical foundation.
And on social issues, such as climate change, the Dunning-Kruger Effect (a cognitive bias) leads people to overestimate their understanding, while the Appeal to Nature Fallacy (a logical fallacy) argues that anything natural is inherently good or right.
In “Cognitively Biased,” we’ll dive into these cognitive quirks, exploring their impacts, offering countermeasures, and shedding light on the scientific underpinnings. Because to truly understand our minds and to reason effectively, we need to see the whole circus, clowns and all.
So, as we embark on this expedition, remember: understanding is the first step to improvement. With a sprinkle of humor, a dash of insight, and a healthy dose of reality-check, let’s make our way through the enthralling world of cognitive biases. Here’s to becoming a little less cognitively biased and a whole lot more cognitively savvy!
Actor–Observer Bias
Definition: Actor-Observer Bias is the dandy little tendency we have to blame our own actions on external