Summary of Russell Foster's Life Time , livre ebook

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49 pages

English

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Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book.
Sample Book Insights:
#1 Our bodies are rhythmically driven by endogenous changes in our nervous systems. The Earth’s rotational axis generates the seasons, and the Moon's gravitational pull stabilizes it.
#2 The human body is organized around a 24-hour cycle of activity and rest. The brain contains around 86 billion neurones, and 50,000 work together as a master biological clock to coordinate our circadian rhythms.
#3 The ‘master clock’ in humans and all mammals is located in the brain called the ‘suprachiasmatic nuclei’, or SCN. The discovery of this structure was a shock to researchers in the 1920s, who had noted that rats under constant conditions of darkness run in a running wheel with rest/activity rhythms that are a little shorter than 24 hours.
#4 The SCN is the location in the brain where the circadian rhythm is generated. It contains about 50,000 neurones, and each has its own clock. The electrical activity of individual SCN cells is robust and independent, and keeps ticking away at a slightly different time from each other.

Sujets

General

General officer

Sociologie, société et politique

Social Science

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Publié par	Everest Media LLC
Date de parution	15 septembre 2022
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9798350001754
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0200€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Insights on Russell Foster's Life Time
Contents Insights from Chapter 1 Insights from Chapter 2 Insights from Chapter 3 Insights from Chapter 4 Insights from Chapter 5 Insights from Chapter 6 Insights from Chapter 7 Insights from Chapter 8 Insights from Chapter 9 Insights from Chapter 10 Insights from Chapter 11 Insights from Chapter 12 Insights from Chapter 13 Insights from Chapter 14
Insights from Chapter 1

#1

Our bodies are rhythmically driven by endogenous changes in our nervous systems. The Earth’s rotational axis generates the seasons, and the Moon's gravitational pull stabilizes it.

#2

The human body is organized around a 24-hour cycle of activity and rest. The brain contains around 86 billion neurones, and 50,000 work together as a master biological clock to coordinate our circadian rhythms.

#3

The ‘master clock’ in humans and all mammals is located in the brain called the ‘suprachiasmatic nuclei’, or SCN. The discovery of this structure was a shock to researchers in the 1920s, who had noted that rats under constant conditions of darkness run in a running wheel with rest/activity rhythms that are a little shorter than 24 hours.

#4

The SCN is the location in the brain where the circadian rhythm is generated. It contains about 50,000 neurones, and each has its own clock. The electrical activity of individual SCN cells is robust and independent, and keeps ticking away at a slightly different time from each other.

#5

The clock ticked in the lab, and it was discovered how it worked. It was a series of mistakes and dead ends, but eventually the scientists learned from their mistakes and continued on.

#6

The human brain is made up of about 2 percent of the body’s weight, but uses 20 percent of the body’s energy intake. The brain is 73 percent water, but it takes only 2 percent dehydration for brain function to be badly impaired.

#7

The circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle of clock protein production and protein breakdown, which is the core of the molecular clockwork. The rates of clock gene activation, protein production, protein complex assembly, protein complex entry into the nucleus, inhibition of clock genes, and protein complex breakdown all combine to produce a 24-hour rhythm.

#8

The SCN is the master clock in mammals, but it is not the only clock. There are clocks within the cells of the liver, muscles, pancreas, adipose tissue, and probably in every organ and tissue of the body.

#9

The circadian system is a complex network of cells that coordinates rhythmic physiology and behavior. It is the loss of synchronous activity between different circadian clocks that is called internal desynchrony and can cause serious health problems.

#10

The clock gene is like the cogwheels of a mechanical clock. It interacts with other genes to generate a 24-hour rhythm, and if you take one of these ‘cogs’ away, or damage a cog, the clock will be significantly altered or even stopped.

#11

We do have annual rhythms, which are peaks in birth, hormone release, suicide, cancer, and death. For example, in the northern hemisphere, and perhaps counterintuitively, suicide in spring is significantly higher than in the winter around December.

#12

The SCN is not the only clock in mammals. In birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, there are several organs that can act as a master clock. These are located in SCN-like structures within the hypothalamus, the pineal organ, and even the eyes.
Insights from Chapter 2

#1

The generation of the daily sleep/wake cycle involves a highly complex set of interactions between the hindbrain, mid-brain, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex, and all the brain neurotransmitter systems.

#2

The brain is shut down during sleep, and there were no tools available to look at the sleeping brain until the 1950s. Since then, sleep has been studied routinely in the laboratory by placing electrodes onto the skin of the scalp, and measuring the pattern of electrical activity, called the electroencephalogram.

#3

NREM sleep has been linked to the ability to form memories and solve problems. It has been shown in a variety of different ways. For example, stimulating the brain to produce more SWS while individuals sleep in a controlled laboratory environment has been linked with the ability to remember more facts and events from the previous day.

#4

Dreams are difficult to study, and they are entirely subjective. They are difficult to measure, and they are not objective. They are often used by dark practitioners of pseudoscience to explain why their patients are having certain symptoms.

#5

REM sleep deprivation in some people with depression can cause a short-term improvement in the severity of the condition. However, after recovery sleep, the depression returns.

#6

During REM sleep, we experience our most complex and vivid dreams. This is when projections from the mid-brain to the spinal cord cause paralysis, from the neck down. This is thought to prevent us from acting out our dreams.

#7

The circadian system and sleep pressure, two key drivers of sleep, work together to determine the timing and length of sleep. Additional factors, such as the demands of work and leisure, our genetics, age, and the consequences of mental and physical illness, all combine to deliver the sleep we get.

#8

The build-up of several chemicals in the brain has been proposed as driving sleep pressure, and the best evidence is for a molecule called adenosine. Caffeine in tea and coffee is very effective at keeping us alert and awake, and caffeine works by blocking the mechanisms in the brain that detect adenosine.

#9

Melatonin is made in the pineal gland, a structure in the middle of our brain, and it acts as a biological signal of the dark. It is released at night when we are sleeping, and it helps us fall asleep.

#10

The consensus is that melatonin has a small direct action to promote sleep, and it may provide an additional signal to tell the brain that it is night-time, which is used to augment light entrainment signals.

#11

Sleep evolved to provide us with something of profound value. When we are deprived of sleep, the sleep pressure becomes so powerful that it can only be satisfied by sleep.

#12

The struggle for existence has forced species to become specialists and not generalists.

#13

Sleep is the suspension of most physical activity, but it is also the suspension of critical and essential biological processes. It has evolved as a species and developmentally specific response to a 24-hour world in which light, temperature, and food availability change dramatically.

#14

Sleep and consciousness occur as a global brain flip-flop between these different states. However, local sleep has been described, in which a small area of the brain during the wake state shows an electrical activity that resembles the sleep state.

#15

CBD is an active ingredient of cannabis that will not get you high. It is available as a supplement, and some studies have shown it to be helpful in treating anxiety and sleep disorders. However, it is not yet known for certain if it can cure cancer.

#16

Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to treat allergic reactions, but it can also be used as a sleep aid. It acts both as an antihistamine blocking the action of histamine and as an anticholinergic, blocking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which promotes sleep.

#17

All mammals, including the egg-laying platypus and echidna, show alternating periods of REM/NREM sleep. The patterns vary greatly between mammals, and sleep times decrease with an increase in body size.

#18

The legend says that if you want to be more attractive, you must get a good night’s sleep. Studies have shown that when people are overtired, they appear less attractive to other people.

#19

Special forms of sleep have been observed in marine mammals. In fur seals, the EEG is similar to that of other land-living mammals, but in water, sleep is only in one half of the brain.

#20

It is still early days to know the full effects of the coronavirus, but a survey in 2020 from researchers at King’s College London found that half the population had experienced more disturbed sleep than usual, and two in five said they had slept fewer hours a night on average.
Insights from Chapter 3

#1

The process of vision involves the emission of light from the eyes, which seizes objects with its rays. This was the widely accepted theory until the 1500s, when Aristotle argued that the eye receives light rays rather than projecting them into the world.

#2

The human body clock is around 25 hours.