Small Arms , livre ebook

Cornell University Press - Mia Bloom

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248 pages

English

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Why do terrorist organizations use children to support their cause and carry out their activities? Small Arms uncovers the brutal truth behind the mobilization of children by terrorist groups. Mia Bloom and John Horgan show us the grim underbelly of society that allows and even encourages the use of children to conduct terrorist activities. They provide readers with the who, what, when, why, and how of this increasingly concerning situation, illuminating a phenomenon that to most of us seems abhorrent. And yet, they argue, for terrorist groups the use of children carries many benefits. Children possess skills that adults lack. They often bring innovation and creativity. Children are, in fact, a superb demographic from which to recruit if you are a terrorist.Small Arms answers questions about recruitment strategies and tactics, determines what makes a child terrorist and what makes him or her different from an adult one, and charts the ways in which organizations use them. The unconventional focus on child and youth militants allows the authors to, in essence, give us a biography of the child terrorist and the organizations that use them. We are taken inside the mind of the adult and the child to witness that which perhaps most scares us.

Sujets

Terrorism

Sociologie, société et politique

Informations

Publié par	Cornell University Press
Date de parution	15 mai 2019
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781501709425
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	26 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,7500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

SMALLARMS

SMALLARMSChildrenandTerrorism

MiaBloomwithJohnHorgan

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS

ITHACA AND LONDON

Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook,orparts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu.

First published 2019 by Cornell University Press

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Names:Bloom,Mia,1968–author.|Horgan,John,1974–author.Title:Smallarms:childrenandterrorism/MiaBloomandJohnHorgan.Description:Ithaca[NewYork]:CornellUniversityPress,2019.|Includesbibliographical references and index. Identifiers:LCCN2018040384|ISBN9780801453885(cloth;alk.paper)|ISBN 9781501709425 (pdf ebook) | ISBN 9781501712067 (epub/mobi) Subjects:LCSH:Childterrorists—Islamiccountries.|Childsuicidebombers— Islamic countries. | Children and terrorism—Islamic countries. Classification:LCCHV6433.I742B562019|DDC363.325083/091767—dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018040384

Cover photo: “Our next Generation will slaughter you Kuffar.” Two boys used in IS propaganda, 2017.

Contents

Acknowledgments

1.What Is a Child?2.Child Soldiers versus Children in Terrorist Groups3.Learning to Hate: Socialization and Cultural Influences4.Pathways to Involvement: Coercion5.nIovtoawsyaPhtutluserasuCdnonCnsseemlvt:en of Martyrdom6.Experiences, Apprenticeships, and Careers in Terror7.Leaving Terrorism Behind8.An End or a New Beginning?

NotesIndex

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Acknowledgments

Thisbookistheculminationofmanyyearsofresearchandimmeasurablepatience on the part of Cornell University Press and our editor, Roger Haydon. When I first approached CUP about writing a book on children and terrorism based on our field research in Pakistan, the socalled Islamic State (IS) did not yet exist. As a result, we watched in horror as the phenomenon of children coerced into violent extremism played out in real time in Syria, Iraq, Libya, Afghanistan, Yemen, and the Philippines. ThebookwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportoftheMinervaResearch Initiative, Department of Defense Grant No. N000141612693, and the program officers and support staff of the Office of Naval Research, Harold Hawkins, Erin Fitzgerald, David Montgomery, Annetta Burger, Chris Becker, Lisa Troyer, and others. While we are heavily indebted to the Department of Defense for its support of this research, we should emphasize that any opinions, findings, or recommendations expressed in this book are those of the authors alone and do not reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research, the Department of the Navy, or the DoD. WearegratefultothemembersofourMinervaresearchteamatBostonChildren’s Hospital and Harvard University. B. Heidi Ellis, Emma Cardeli, Beth Nimmons, and Sarah Gillespie have helped us flesh out the similarities and dif ferences between children in gangs and those in terrorist organizations. Wethankourrespectivedepartmentchairs,GregLisbyandAnthonyLemieux,for their support, with special mentions to Carol Winkler, who funded a research associate to work on the project; Lyshandra Holmes, who provided invaluable assistance with our Institutional Review Board; and Stacey Harrell, for her help with our budget. The revolving door of research associates who worked on the project allowed us unique access to materials in Arabic and helped the team to organize and archive hundreds of young martyrs eulogized by the terrorist orga nizations themselves. Weareindebtedtoourstudentresearchassistantsovertheyearswhohelpedcollect and tag the raw data, especially Aaron Dicker, Ayse Lokmanoglu, and Kris tian Warpinski at Georgia State University, who spent many hours analyzing IS propaganda and without whom this project would never have had verified data. We thank all of the researchers who joined our team over the years: Madhavi Devasher, Erin Kearns, and Gary Uzonyi, who helped us crunch the quantitative

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viiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS

data and code the literature reviews; Cale Horne (when we were at Penn State), for his literature review on education in Afghanistan and Pakistan; Shaun Walsh and Suzzette Abbasciano at the University of Massachusetts, Lowell; and Yan nick VeilleuxLepage, our project manager, who helped with the final stage of the project. WeareespeciallygratefultoTanyaZayed,whofunctionedasresearcher,con sultant, subject matter expert, adviser, and friend. Tanya ensured that our find ings and assertions were valid beyond a handful of cases by drawing on a decade of experience reintegrating child soldiers in Africa, Latin America, South Asia, and the Middle East. Ian A. Elliott was vital for translating his research on child sexual abuse to the study of children recruited into the Islamic State. WethankFerihaPeracha,whoinvitedusseveraltimestoLahore,Malakand,and the Swat Valley, Pakistan. Fia introduced us to some of the most impressive young men, who not only survived their experiences with the Pakistani Taliban but were able to lead productive and happy lives after their reintegration into society. We are also grateful to Raafia Reese Khan and the entire staff at Sabaoon, who graciously hosted us. WeappreciatetheassistanceofScottSteadman,whohelpedintegrateourdivergent writing styles to create a more cohesive narrative. We extend our appreciation to the anonymous reviewers of the manuscript and to Eric Levy for his meticulous (and painstaking) editing, as well as to Emily Andrew and Susan Specter at Cornell University Press. Max Taylor, as always, helped elaborate the model of children’s socialization into violent extremism, and Andrew Mum ford organized a conference at the British Academy that instigated the sixstage model of children’s socialization into the Islamic State. Our colleagues provided important feedback as we presented draft chapters at academic conferences or guest lectures; we are especially grateful to Scott Gates, David Rappaport, and John Mercer for comments on the theory chapter. The many experts working on IS have been generous with their time and exchange of ideas: Amarnath Amarsingam, J. M. Berger, Dan Byman, Simon Cottee, Raphael Gluck, Hassan Hassan, Bruce Hoffman, Laith Alkhouri, Nikita Malik, Malcolm Nance, Jessica Stern, Robert Tynes, Michael Weiss, Craig Whiteside (our hero who located our missing data), Graeme Wood, and Aaron Zelin, all of whom generously shared their own research and data over the years. I am especially grateful to Victor Asal and Jenna Jordan for their friendship and support during the extremely difficult final phase of publication. Chapter4isbasedonanearlierdraftofapaperbyMiaBloomandIanElliottpresented to the Association for the Treatment of Sex Abusers (ATSA) in 2013, and an updated version presented on June 22, 2017, at the Lethal Aid and Human Security (LAHS) Conference at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix

We are indebted to Dr. Elliott for his assistance with this material and his permis sion to use parts of the original draft. Whilewehopethisbookshedslightonthephenomenonofchildren’srecruit ment into terrorist networks, we also hope for a future in which this book becomes irrelevant and groups stop exploiting children in this fashion. We echo the prayer from the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops: “For the people of Syria [and Iraq], that God may strengthen the resolve of leaders to end the fighting and choose a future of peace.”