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The University of North Carolina Press - Laura Adams Weaver , Jace Weaver

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174 pages

English

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Red Clay, 1835 envelops students in the treaty negotiations between the Cherokee National Council and representatives of the United States at Red Clay, Tennessee. As pressure mounts on the Cherokee to accept treaty terms, students must confront issues such as nationhood, westward expansion, and culture change. This game book includes vital materials on the game's historical background, rules, procedures, and assignments, as well as core texts by figures such as Andrew Jackson, John Ross, and Elias Boudinot.

Sujets

Native American Studies

Ethnic Studies

Social Science

Sociologie, société et politique

American

Informations

Publié par	The University of North Carolina Press
Date de parution	01 juillet 2022
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781469672434
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1000€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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RED CLAY, 1835
REACTING TO THE PAST is an award-winning series of immersive role-playing games that actively engage students in their own learning. Students assume the roles of historical characters and practice critical thinking, primary source analysis, and argument, both written and spoken. Reacting games are flexible enough to be used across the curriculum, from first-year general education classes and discussion sections of lecture classes to capstone experiences, intersession courses, and honors programs.
Reacting to the Past was originally developed under the auspices of Barnard College and is sustained by the Reacting Consortium of colleges and universities. The Consortium hosts a regular series of conferences and events to support faculty and administrators.
Note to instructors: Before beginning the game you must download the Gamemaster s Materials, including an instructor s guide containing a detailed schedule of class sessions, role sheets for students, and handouts.
To download this essential resource, visit https://reactingconsortium.org/games , click on the page for this title, then click Instructors Guide.
RED CLAY, 1835
Cherokee Removal and the Meaning of Sovereignty
Jace Weaver and Laura Adams Weaver

The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill
2022 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.
Cover illustration: Historical Caricature of the Cherokee Nation , 1886. Illustrator unknown. Courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.
ISBN 978-1-4696-7064-5 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-7243-4 (e-book)
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
JACE WEAVER is Director of the Institute of Native American Studies, Franklin Professor of Native American Studies and Religion, and Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Georgia. He is the author or editor of twelve books, including American Indian Literary Nationalism , written with Robert Warrior and Craig Womack, which won the 2007 Bea Medicine Award for best book in American Indian Studies from the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies and the Native American Literature Symposium. He is also the author of The Red Atlantic: American Indigenes and the Making of the Modern World, 1000-1927 .
LAURA ADAMS WEAVER is an Instructor in the Department of English and the Institute of Native American Studies at the University of Georgia. She is the author of numerous articles on Native American history, literature, and culture.
CONTENTS
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
Brief Overview of the Game
Prologue: On the Road to Red Clay
Red Clay, Tennessee, October 1835
Prelude: The Hermitage
What Is Reacting to the Past
How to Play a Reacting Game
Game Setup
Game Play
Game Requirements
Skill Development
PART 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Chronology
Nation to Nation: Cherokee and U.S. Relations
Cherokee Culture and the Land
How the World Was Made
Selu (Corn Mother)
The Removed Townhouses
Women in Cherokee Culture
Disputes, Crime, and Conflict Resolution
In the Historical Moment
PART 3: THE GAME
Major Issues for Debate
Rules and Procedures
Victory Objectives
Basic Outline of the Game
Context Sessions
Game Session 1
Game Session 2
Subsequent Game Sessions
Debriefing and Postmortem
Personal Agreements
Additional Objectives
Written Assignments
Scores
Grades
Counterfactuals
PART 4: ROLES AND FACTIONS
Overview of Factions
The National Party (Ross Faction)
The Treaty Party (Ridge Faction)
White Faction
Indeterminates
Guests at the Hermitage Debate
PART 5: CORE TEXTS
The Cherokee and the Policies of Civilization
John Ridge, Letter to Albert Gallatin, 1826
Elias Boudinot, An Address to the Whites, 1826
Assault on Indian Sovereignty
Georgia General Assembly, Georgia Indian Laws, 1829, 1830
U.S. Congress, Indian Removal Act, 1830
The Cherokee Nation v. The State of Georgia , 1831
Samuel A. Worcester v. The State of Georgia , 1832
Elias Boudinot, Letter to Stand Watie, 1832
John Ridge, Letter to Stand Watie, 1832
Legal Commentaries
James Kent, Of the Foundation of Title to Land, 1828
Cherokee National Council, Memorial of the Cherokee Indians, 1830
Joseph Story, From Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States , 1833
Alexis de Toqueville, From Democracy in America , 1835
The Debates About Indian Removal
Cherokee Women, Three Petitions , 1817, 1818, 1831
John Ross et al., Letter to John C. Calhoun, 1824
Elias Boudinot, Editorials in The Cherokee Phoenix , 1829, 1831
Lewis Cass, Removal of the Indians, 1830
Jeremiah Evarts [as William Penn], A Brief View of U.S.-lndian Relations, 1829
Andrew Jackson, From First Annual Message to Congress, 1829
Theodore Frelinghuysen, Speech before the Senate, 1830
Wilson Lumpkin, Speech before Congress, 1830
Andrew Jackson, From Second Annual Message to Congress, 1830
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Resolutions Concerning Indian Removal, 1830
George Troup, The Sovereignty of the States, 1832
Wilson Lumpkin, Message to Georgia General Assembly, 1832
Cherokee Indians [Treaty Party], Memorial of a Council Held at Running Waters, 1834
Elias Boudinot, Letter to Stand Watie, 1835
John Ridge, Letter to Major Ridge and Others, 1835
William H. Underwood and John Ridge, Letter to Lewis Cass, 1835
John Schermerhorn, Letter Regarding the Legitimacy of the Cherokee Government, 1835
Selected Bibliography
Pronunciation Key
Notes
Acknowledgments

PART 1: INTRODUCTION
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE GAME
Red Clay, 1835: Cherokee Removal and the Meaning of Sovereignty is a Reacting to the Past game. Reacting games are a specific kind of immersive role-playing game that gives students the opportunity to grapple with the issues that shaped pivotal moments in the past. Students do this by assuming historical personae, by reading primary sources relating to the events (making their own judgments about them and using them to inform their characters and to shape the arguments they will make), and then by participating, as their character, in the actual events. This combination of elements creates a deep and engaged understanding of the motivations, ideas, and decisions that shaped past events. Through this immersive, reacting process, they learn the history at a deeper level than in the conventional classroom. Reacting games are not reenactment exercises; there are no scripted outcomes. Nor are they simulations that focus on understanding specific processes. Instead, these games focus on an animated, contextualized, and dramatic collision of ideas.
This game module involves the debate over Indian Removal in the 1830s, focusing on the Cherokee. When Andrew Jackson was inaugurated as president of the United States in 1829, Removal of Indians from what is today the American Southeast to west of the Mississippi River became the official policy of the U.S. government. President Jackson made securing congressional authorization for this policy his top legislative priority. This reached fruition in May 1830 with passage of the Indian Removal Act. The act authorized the president to negotiate new treaties with the Indian tribes that would provide for exchange of their lands in the East for comparable lands in the trans-Mississippi West.
One-by-one, each of the other four of the so-called Five Civilized Tribes (the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole) capitulated and agreed to Removal treaties. By 1835, the Cherokee remained the lone holdout. Pressure on the Cherokee Nation was intense. Gold had been discovered within the Nation s borders in 1829. As a result, white Georgians flocked into their territory. The state of Georgia passed laws extending the state s jurisdiction over Cherokee lands. The Cherokee tried to fight the onslaught in the federal courts of the United States, but that ultimately proved fruitless.
Red Clay, 1835 begins with a fictional (although historically plausible) debate at the Hermitage, President Jackson s Tennessee home, about the reality, nature, and extent of the sovereignty of the Indian nations. The action then moves to an actual historical meeting at Red Clay, Tennessee, where the government of the Cherokee Nation sits, because the Georgia general assembly had forbidden it from meeting in that state.
It is October 1835 and time for the meeting of the Cherokee National Council. The Reverend John Schermerhorn, the U.S. treaty commissioner to the Cherokee is in attendance. At the council meeting, he presents the United States terms for a Removal treaty. The discussion then focuses on the critical questions. Will the proposed treaty be accepted or rejected? Are there alternatives? Shall the Cherokee move west as the whites want, or should they struggle to remain in the lands that their ancestors have inhabited for generations? Is it better to fight to maintain national sovereignty over their homelands, or should they keep the Cherokee people intact and protect them by removing to new lands?
PROLOGUE: ON THE ROAD TO RED CLAY
Red Clay, Tennessee, October 1835
The Cherokee National Council is convening for its annual fall meeting. In the old days you looked forward to such times. These were times to see friends and renew acquaintances. Though the serious business of governing the Cherokee Nation went on, there was also much time for laughter, feasting, storytelling, and enjoying a drink around the fire. You remember as a child being terrified by stories of Spearfinger and delighted by, although wary of, the antics of Jisdu, the rabbit trickster. Things have changed since those days, which are not that long ago in terms of years but seem eons ago given all that has transpired.
You remember that the council meetings were once solemn events. Council members spoke one at a time, slowly and calmly. Yes, speeches could be long