Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts

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358 pages

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Extrait

Description

Offering insights and analysis in a field that has only recently come into existence, this book explores the ideals and institutions through which Middle Eastern societies—from the rise of Islam in the seventh century C.E. to the present day—have confronted poverty and the poor. By introducing new sources and presenting familiar ones with new questions, the contributors examine ideas about poverty and the poor, ideals and practices of charity, and state and private initiatives of poor relief over this extensive time span. They avoid easy generalizations about Islam and the Middle East as they seek to set the ideals and practices in comparative perspective.

List of Illustrations

Note to the Reader

Introduction

Part I: Entitlement and Obligation

1. Poverty and Charity in the Rise of Islam
Michael Bonner

2. Status-Based Definitions of Need in Early Islamic Zakat and Maintenance Laws
Ingrid Mattson

3. The Foreign Jewish Poor in Medieval Egypt
Mark R. Cohen

4 "Prices Are in God's Hands": The Theory and Practice of Price Control in the Medieval Islamic World
Adam Sabra

Part II: Institutions

5. The Functional Aspects of Medieval Islamic Hospitals
Yasser Tabbaa

6. Charity and Hospitality: Hospitals in the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern Period
Miri Shefer

7. Charity, the Poor, and Distribution of Alms in Ottoman Algiers
Miriam Hoexter

Part III: The State as Benefactor

8. Living on the Margins of Charity: Coping with Poverty in an Ottoman Provincial City
Eyal Ginio

9. The Charity of the Khedive
Mine Ener

10. Imperial Gifts and Sultanic Legitimation during the Late Ottoman Empire, 18761909
Nadir Özbek

Part IV: Changing Worlds

11. Al-Tahtawi on Poverty and Welfare
Juan R. I. Cole

12. Islam, Philanthropy, and Political Culture in Interwar Egypt: The Activism of Labiba Ahmad
Beth Baron

13. "The Child Question": The Politics of Child Welfare in Early Republican Turkey
Kathryn Libal

Part V: Welfare as Politics

14. Islamic Redistribution through Zakat: Historical Record and Modern Realities
Timur Kuran

15. Charity's Legacies: Reconsideration of Ottoman Imperial Endowment-Making
Amy Singer

Conclusion
Natalie Zemon Davis

Contributors

Index

Sujets

Charities

Charitable organization

History of the Middle East

Middle East

Informations

Publié par	State University of New York Press
Date de parution	01 février 2012
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9780791486764
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	3 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1698€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts

SUNY series in the Social and Economic History of the Middle East

Donald Quataert, editor

POVERTY ANDCHARITY IN MIDDLEEASTERNCONTEXTS

Edited by Michael Bonner Mine Ener Amy Singer

STATEUNIVERSITY OFNEWYORKPRESS

Cover illustration: An Ottoman bey giving alms to the poor, from a sixteenthcentury miniature commissioned by Sulton Ahmed I. (B. 408, fol. 6b). Courtesy of Topkapi Palace Library, Istanbul, Turkey.

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany

Printed in the United States of America

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

For information, address State University of New York Press, 90 State Street, Suite 700, Albany, NY 12207

Production by Kelli Williams Marketing by Jennifer Giovani

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Poverty and charity in Middle Eastern contexts / edited by Michael Bonner, Mine Ener, Amy Singer. p. cm. — (SUNY series in the social and economic history of the Middle East) Based on papers presented at a conference held at University of Michigan Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies in May 2000. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0791457370 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0791457389 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Poverty—Middle East—Congresses. 2. Charity—Middle East—Congresses. 3. Islam—Charities—Congresses. I. Bonner, Michael David. II. Ener, Mine, 1965– III. Singer, Amy. IV. University of Michigan. Center for Middle Eastern and North African Studies. V. Series.

HC415.15.Z9 P67 2003 362.5'0956—dc21

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

2002042629

List of Illustrations Note to the Reader Introduction

Contents

Part I Entitlement and Obligation Chapter 1 Poverty and Charity in the Rise of Islam Michael Bonner Chapter 2 StatusBased Definitions of Need in Early IslamicZakat and Maintenance Laws Ingrid Mattson Chapter 3 The Foreign Jewish Poor in Medieval Egypt Mark R. Cohen Chapter 4 “Prices Are in God’s Hands”: The Theory and Practice of Price Control in the Medieval Islamic World Adam Sabra

Part II Institutions Chapter 5 The Functional Aspects of Medieval Islamic Hospitals Yasser Tabbaa Chapter 6 Charity and Hospitality: Hospitals in the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern Period Miri Shefer

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vii ix 1

121

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Contents

Chapter 7

Charity, the Poor, and Distribution of Alms in Ottoman Algiers Miriam Hoexter

Part III The State as Benefactor Chapter 8 Living on the Margins of Charity: Coping with Poverty in an Ottoman Provincial City Eyal Ginio Chapter 9 The Charity of the Khedive Mine Ener Chapter 10 Imperial Gifts and Sultanic Legitimation during the Late Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909 Nadir Özbek

Part IV Changing Worlds Chapter 11 AlTahtawi on Poverty and Welfare Juan R. I. Cole Chapter 12 Islam, Philanthropy, and Political Culture in Interwar Egypt: The Activism of Labiba Ahmad Beth Baron Chapter 13 “The Child Question”: The Politics of Child Welfare in Early Republican Turkey Kathryn Libal

Part V Welfare as Politics Chapter 14 Islamic Redistribution throughZakat:Historical Record and Modern Realities Timur Kuran Chapter 15 Charity’s Legacies: Reconsideration of Ottoman Imperial EndowmentMaking Amy Singer Conclusion Natalie Zemon Davis Contributors Index

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223

239

255

275

295

315

325 329

List of Illustrations

Figure 5.1 Ground plan of Bimaristan alNuri. Figure 5.2 Easterniwanof Bimaristan alNuri. Figure 5.3 Façade of Bimaristan of Arghun alKamili. Figure 5.4 First courtyard of Bimaristan of Arghun alKamili. Figure 5.5 Exterior view of Darushifa’ (or Çifte Medrese) alGhiyathiyya. Figure 5.6 Plan of the Complex of Qalawun. Figure 5.7 View from one of the chambers of the insane at Bimaristan of Arghun alKamili.

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Note to the Reader

This volume includes articles that rely on sources written in the Arabic, Ottoman Turkish, and modern Turkish languages and that discuss different regions of the Middle East. The result is that the text contains terms and names from these lan guages and regions, some of them not familiar to readers of English. In addition, Arabic and Turkish each use words from the other language, but with modifica tions in pronunciation and spelling. Authors in this volume have used the transliteration that is correct for the language they work with (in the case of Ara bic and Ottoman Turkish), or cited words in Turkish (modern Turkish uses a modified Latin alphabet since 1928). The editors have taken a number of measures to make the texts easily accessi ble and similar words recognizable. First, each foreign term is defined at first use in each chapter. Second, foreign terms are all defined briefly in the index, and sim ilar words are crossreferenced there. Third, a modified system of transliteration from Arabic and Ottoman Turkish has been adopted, eliminating underdots on consonants and macrons on vowels. The following characters are used in modern Turkish: c = “j” as in jam ç = “ch” as in chat g= soft g, silent, but lengthening the sound of the preceding vowel = undotted “i,” sounds like the “e” of shovel ¹ q= “sh” as in ship Throughout the notes, theEncyclopaedia of Islam,2nd ed. (Leiden: Brill, 2 1960– ), will be abbreviated asEI.

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