Industrial Heritage in Denmark , livre ebook

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161 pages

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In presenting 25 industrial sites of national significance in the context of changing techno-economic paradigms, this book considers the development of Danish industrial landscapes and built-up environments in the period 1840-1970.
Three case studies of ports, sugar mills, and cement plants are also presented. The book concludes with two chapters that discuss perceptions and strategies for the conversion of industrial sites, and an overview is given covering the preservation of industrial heritage in Denmark, historically.
"Although Denmark is often perceived as an agricultural country, industry is a very important sector in the Danish economy, employing a large number of people and having considerable influence on Danish society and culture in general. The appreciation of industrial history, as well as the tangible and intangible remains of industry, is an important heritage."
Anne Mette Rahbæk
General Director of the Danish Agency of Culture

Sujets

Social Science

Sociologie, société et politique

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Publié par	Aarhus University Press
Date de parution	24 janvier 2013
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9788771840278
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	7 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1550€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Edited by Caspar J rgensen and Morten Pedersen
INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN DENMARK
Landscapes, Environments and Historical Archaeology
PREFACE

The B W engine at the H.C. rsted Power Station. Photo: Ole Akh j 2007.
The Danish Agency for Culture works strategically to present and develop Danish arts and culture internationally, to further the cultural exchange between Denmark and other countries, and to strengthen Danish arts and culture through internationalization. At the same time, the goal of the Agency is to ensure that the cultural heritage that is being protected will also become and remain of great significance to the majority of people.
One of the prerequisites for international understanding and cooperation is knowledge. This book, therefore, is a contribution to knowledge about one part of Denmark s history. Even though, with good reason, Denmark is often perceived as an agricultural country, industry is also a very important sector in the Danish economy, employing as it does a large number of people and having an appreciable influence on the Danish society in general.
In 2007, as a result of a special commitment to set focus on industrial society s history and heritage, the Danish Agency for Culture elected 25 industrial monuments of national importance. Together, the 25 industries provide a complete picture of industrialization and of Denmark s transition from an agricultural to an industrial society over the last 150 years. It is the first time such an overview has been carried out in Denmark with its point of departure in the buildings the physical traces that can be seen in the landscape, while including at the same time the intangible culture. The initiative has parallels in our neighboring countries. In Denmark, just as internationally, there has been for some years - and continues to be - a growing interest in industrial heritage and an understanding of the need for increased research and overview.
With this book the Danish Agency for Culture aims to present to an Englishspeaking readership some of the results of our undertaking. The book consists of a presentation of the history of industry s buildings and the 25 national industrial monuments, along with some of the results from the studies which the Agency has supported, in addition to reflections on the preservation of the industrial heritage.
Anne Mette Rahb k
General Director of the Danish Agency of Culture
INTRODUCTION

Caspar J rgensen and Morten Pedersen

The canteen at Novozymes. Photo from the 1950s. Novo Nordisk History and Art Collection.
The focal point of this book is the industrial environment, as understood through the objects, buildings and landscapes that came with industrial production, as well as its relationship to the natural conditions and the associated methods of production and lifestyles, organizations, assessments and knowledge (J rgensen 2004, 50). Emphasis will be placed on the physical environment, although research has also been carried out on work culture and business history.
Since the middle of the 1800s, Denmark has increasingly taken the form of an industrial society, also in the sense that the industry s physical environments have been a growing part of the cultural landscape - and the development is still going on. Especially the massive building developments, which can be observed alongside the motorways from Randers towards Odense, and between Vejle and Herning, are a clear manifestation that industry - although having moved out of the old neighborhoods in the major cities from the 1950s, if not before still dominates the landscape. And, notably, plants such as the Carlsberg brewery in Fredericia from 1979, the Danish Crown slaughterhouse north of Horsens from 2005, and Fiberline Composites near Middelfart from 2006, suggest that industry is still developing.
Until recently, the industrial environment has only been a subject of sparse interest in the Danish historical research and heritage debate. Apart from a handful of works on individual companies that go beyond the history of technology perspective and examine the building character, J rgen Sestoft s architectural-historical overview from 1979, with emphasis on the stylistic development, thus remains one of the few attempts at synthesis (Sestoft 1979; J rgensen 2004, 51-56). It was not until 2011 that a nationwide, comprehensive guide to Danish industrial environments appeared (Harnow 2011).
When the Heritage Agency of Denmark (today Danish Agency for Culture) conducted 2004-2007 a special focus on the heritage of the industrial society, this also gave rise to increased attention towards industrial landscapes. This not only resulted in the selection of 25 industrial sites that are considered to be of national importance, but also in the implementation of a number of studies on industrial environments, which have been carried out by several of the Danish museums. In addition, the heritage sites selected have been followed up by municipal town planning and by dissemination of initiatives targeted at uppersecondary schools. The ambition here is to provide a comprehensive presentation of some of the main findings, with emphasis on the built-environment.
The focus on this area was justified by a more pluralistic view of what heritage is, as well as the phasing out of industrial production in the old town centers during the past decades, leading to increasing attention to preservation issues in an intersection between a wide range of disciplines and interests.
Therefore, it was a goal for the Heritage Agency to create an overview, among other things by inquiring into which 25 industries were most important in the period 1840-1970, and to obtain more knowledge about them. For example, we know quite a lot about the history of Carlsberg in the 1800s during the directorships of the two founders, J.C. Jacobsen and Carl Jacobsen, but we know much less about Carlsberg in the 1900s, even though it was in this period that the company became one of the leading international breweries. Furthermore, it was clear that the industrial-archaeological approach was relatively weak in Denmark, partly because the discipline had not been established at a university.

The Fiberlines Composites plant from 2005-06. Factories continue to be built in Denmark. This plant is located near the motorway at Middelfart and was designed by the architect firm, KHR Arkiteketer A/S. The building has a surface area of 170,000 m 2 , and is for the most part constructed of composite materials. Photo: Poul Elmstr m.

Denmark as an agricultural country. Illustrated here by the poet-priest Kaj Munk s Danmarksbillede - in Herluf Jensenius line drawing - in a children s book on Denmark s geography and history. After Kaj Munk s: Danmarks Historie og Danmarks Geografi fortalt for smaa B rn (Denmark s History and Denmark s Geography told for children). Nyt Nordisk Forlag, Arnold Busck 1943.
The goal of the following chapters is to present the 25 industrial heritage sites and especially the industrialization they have helped to shape. Three point studies of ports, sugar beet mills, and cement plants are also presented and the book concludes with two chapters that discuss: perceptions and strategies for the conversion of industrial sites (with Avesta, in Sweden s Bergslaget region, as an example); and, an overview of the preservation of industrial heritage in Denmark, historically.

The permanent employees at Carlsberg, 1871. Unknown photographer, 1871. Carlsberg Archives.
The notion of Denmark as an industrial country
Although industry has long been a popular topic among Danish economic historians, and there have been several Research Council projects on Danish industrialization, Denmark in the general consciousness has been considered more of an agricultural country than an industrial nation. In 1843, when the wealthy English inventor and machinery manufacturer, James Nasmyth, was on a business trip around countries in the Baltic sea area, it was the mine in Dannemora, which supplied iron to Sheffield (among others), and the machine workshops in Motala and Trollh ttan, besides Stockholm, that he visited in Sweden. Whereas, during his visit to Denmark his interest was focused on the museums and the Round Tower in Copenhagen, as well as the clean and friendly peasant population (Nasmyth 1883). Some 40 years later, Ernst Carlsson stated more explicitly in his geography book for Swedish schoolchildren, which came in several editions between 1887 and 1948, that agriculture was the main occupation in Denmark. And then, as late as in connection with the architect and reformer Poul Henningsen s Danmark s Film from 1935, the Politiken newspaper reviewer found: All these tedious cranes, monotonous telephone wires, beauty-abandoned pylons, hideous wind motors and puffing locomotives (this) is not Denmark (Linde-Laursen 1995, 138). Understandably, the Chairman of the Swedish Technological Society (Svenska Teknologf reningen) in 1938 considered Denmark to be a rather underdeveloped country in the industrial sphere (Markussen 1988, 233). Conversely, in 1941 the economist, Max Kj r Hansen from the Copenhagen Business School, was of the opinion that the starting point for understanding the modern Sweden was the industrialization of the Swedish economic life. And, then, in 1948, the official Erik Ib Schmidt had to admit how difficult it was in international economic negotiations to convince the other participants that Denmark was not an agricultural country (Linde-Laursen 1995, 108, 122 and 154; Schmidt 1993, 267-268).
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the text book about Denmark s economic history from the 1970s, which is the basis for quite a number of other presentations (in English for example: J rberg 1973 and 1976; Iversen and Andersen 2008; Nielsen and Wagner 1992), emphasizes that the value of industrial exports first exceeded that of agricultural exports by 1963, and that indust