In Creating Our Own, anthropologist Zoila S. Mendoza explores the early-twentieth-century development of the "folkloric arts"-particularly music, dance, and drama-in Cuzco, Peru, revealing the central role that these expressive practices played in shaping ethnic and regional identities. Mendoza argues that the folkloric productions emerging in Cuzco in the early twentieth century were integral to, rather than only a reflection of, the social and political processes underlying the development of the indigenismo movement. By demonstrating how Cuzco's folklore emerged from complex interactions between artists and intellectuals of different social classes, she challenges the idea that indigenismo was a project of the elites.Mendoza draws on early-twentieth-century newspapers and other archival documents as well as interviews with key artistic and intellectual figures and their descendants. She offers vivid descriptions of the Peruvian Mission of Incaic Art, a tour undertaken by a group of artists from Cuzco, at their own expense, to represent Peru to Bolivia, Argentina, and Uruguay in 1923-24, as well as of the origins in the 1920s of the Qosqo Center of Native Art, the first cultural institution dedicated to regional and national folkloric art. She highlights other landmarks, including both The Charango Hour, a radio show that contributed to the broad acceptance of rural Andean music from its debut in 1937, and the rise in that same year of another major cultural institution, the American Art Institute of Cuzco. Throughout, she emphasizes the intricate local, regional, national, and international pressures that combined to produce folkloric art, especially the growing importance of national and international tourism in Cuzco.Please visit the Web site http://nas.ucdavis.edu/creatingbook for samples of the images and music discussed in this book.
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c r e at i n g o u r o w n
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c r e at i n g o u r o w n
Folklore, Performance, and Identity in Cuzco, Peru
dukeuniversitypress
zoila s. mendoza
durhamandlondon
2008
∫2008 Duke University Press
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper$
Designed by Heather Hensley
Typeset in Minion Pro by Keystone Typesetting, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book.
inmemoryof Bernard Cohn, Miguel H., Milla M., and Delia Vidal de Milla
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Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface to the English Edition
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Revisiting Indigenismo and Folklore
Chapter 1. The Misión Peruana de Arte Incaico and the Development of Artistic-Folkloric Production in Cuzco
Chapter 2. The Rise of Cultural Institutions and Contests
Chapter 3. Touristic Cuzco, Its Monuments, and Its Folklore
Chapter 4.La Hora del Charango: The Cholo Feeling, Cuzqueñoness, and Peruvianness
Chapter 5. Creative E√ervescence and the Consolidation of Spaces for ‘‘Folklore’’
Epilogue: Who Will Represent What Is Our Own? Some Paradoxes of Andean Folklore Both Inside and Outside Peru
Notes
Discography
Bibliography
Index
ix
xi
xiii
1
17
35
65
93
125
169
183
219
221
229
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Illustrations
1. Roberto Ojeda, Manuel Pillco, and an unidentified musician
2. Cuzco actors performing a scene from theawaqkuna
3. Manuel Pillco and hisdomingachaharp
4. Luis Esquivel receiving an award from President Augusto B. Leguía
5. A folkloric ensemble from Combapata, Canchis
6. A group performing the danceInkachu
7. Pancho Gómez Negrón
8. Julio César Benavente Díaz
9. A group of Cuzco intellectuals and artists
10. Ricardo Flórez, Manuel Pillco, and Francisco Flórez