The heroic saga of New York State's African American soldiers, largely untold, comes to life in these pages. Drawing on a wealth of sources, some newly discovered, author Anthony F. Gero tells of their two centuries of struggle and triumph, beginning with the French and Indian War and continuing until 1950, when the United States Army and New York's National Guard became integrated. Their legacy is vividly illustrated by the heroism of the 369th United States Infantry (previously the 15th New York) during the American advance in the Argonne-Meuse in 1918. Private Dorrance Brooks from New York City was killed in action as he led his company's survivors forward after all its officers had been killed or wounded. Black Soldiers of New York State demonstrates how in spite of many obstacles—including ongoing prejudice within their own country—the African American soldiers from New York State served courageously and valiantly, winning many commendations and earning the respect of friend and foe alike. List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments
1. The Missing Pages, 1750–1815
2. The Great Omission and the Civil War, 1816–1866
3. Everywhere, but New York, 1866–1915
4. A Lost Opportunity, New York's Black Soldiers, 1916–1918
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Black Soldiers of New York State
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Black Soldiers of New York State
A Proud Legacy
Anthony F. Gero
ee excelsior editions State University of NewYork Press Albany, NewYork
Pubîshed by the State Unîversîty of New York Press, Abany
No part of thîs book may be used or reproduced în any manner whatsoever wîthout wrîtten permîssîon. No part of thîs book may be stored în a retrîeva system or transmîtted în any form or by any means încudîng eectronîc, eectrostatîc, magnetîc tape, mechanîca, photocopyîng, recordîng, or otherwîse wîthout the prîor permîssîon în wrîtîng of the pubîsher.
Cover îmage: postcard of Afrîcan-Amerîcan sodîers taken în New York Cîty, ca. 1918–19, în the Anthony F. Gero coectîon; courtesy of Anthony F. Gero.
For înformatîon, contact State Unîversîty of New York Press, Abany, NY www.sunypress.edu
Productîon by Dîane Ganees Marketîng by Susan M. Petrîe
Excesîor Edîtîons îs an împrînt of State Unîversîty of New York Press
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Gero, Anthony F., 1949– Back sodîers of New York state : a proud egacy / Anthony F. Gero. p. cm. Incudes bîbîographîca references and îndex. ISBN 978-1-4384-2615-0 (hardcover : ak. paper) ISBN 978-1-4384-2616-7 (pbk. : ak. paper) 1. Afrîcan Amerîcan sodîers—New York (State)—Hîstory. I. Tîte.
E185.93.N56G47 2009 355'.008996073—dc22
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
2008028299
Contents
Lîst of Iustratîons Preface Acknowedgments
Chapter 1. The Mîssîng Pages, 1750–1815
Chapter 2. The Great Omîssîon and the Cîvî War, 1816–1866
Chapter 3. Everywhere, but New York, 1866–1915
Chapter 4. A Lost Opportunîty, New York’s Back Sodîers, 1916–1918
Chapter 5. The Postwar Bues, 1919–1939
Chapter 6. The Great Crusade, 1940–1950
Chapter 7. What the Record Proves
Notes
Bîbîography
Index
vîî îx xîîî
1
17
29
41
63
77
93
99
135
153
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Illustrations
Drawîng 1—A reconstructîon of an Afrîcan-Amerîcan mîîtîaman, Coonîa New York, cîrca 1755 to 1760 by Erîc Manders.(Original sketch in the Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 2—A water coor drawîng of a back sodîer în the Rhode Isand Lîght Infantry Company, ca. 1780–1781 by Barry E. Thompson. (Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 3—A water coor drawîng of a back sodîer în Buter’s Rangers, a Loyaîst unît, ca. 1777 by Barry E. Thompson.(Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 4—A water coor of a Freed Back seaman în the Unîted States Navy, ca. 1812–1814 by Barry E. Thompson.(Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 5—A sketch of a corpora, Company B, 26th Unîted States Coored Troops, cîrca 1864–1865, by Aan Archambaut.(Original in the Anthony Gero Collection)
3
6
7
14
22
Drawîng 6—A drawîng, based upon a photograph, of an Afrîcan-Amerîcan seaman în the Unîted States Navy, ca. 1863–1865 by Barry E. Thompson.(Anthony Gero Collection)26
vîî
viii
ILLUSTRATIONS
Drawîng 7—An Ordnance Sergeant în Fu Dress Unîform, 24th Regîment, Unîted States Infantry, ca. 1888–1897, a water coor by Barry E. Thompson. (Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 8—A Corpora în Fu Dress, 24th Regîment, Unîted States Infantry, ca. 1902, a water coor by Barry E. Thompson.(Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 9—A reconstructîon of a prîvate, 369th Unîted States Infantry, 15/16 Juy 1918 în France armed wîth a captured German Mauser rîle by Raymond Johnson. (Original in the Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 10—Sketch of a company grade oficer, 367th Unîted States Infantry, 92nd Dîvîsîon, AEF, summer 1918 by Erîc Manders.(Original in the Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 11—An uninîshed sketch showîng a varîety of unîforms worn by the 369th Infantry, Natîona Guard, New York, ca. 1920–1925 by Raymond Johnson. (Original in the Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 12—A drawîng of a sergeant, 15th Regîment, New York Guard, ca. 1943–1945 by Aan Archambaut. (Original in the Anthony Gero Collection)
Drawîng 13—An Afrîcan-Amerîcan Combat Vounteer, Europe, January 1945, a sketch by Raymond Johnson. (Original in the Anthony Gero Collection)