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106 pages

English

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Sediments and sedimentary rocks are fundamental to our understanding of the Earth and the array of environments that characterize its surface. Since some 70% of the rocks on the Earths surface are sedimentary in origin and sediments are of great economic importance, there is a very good chance that we encounter a sedimentary rock or an associated sedimentary process at some point very day of our lives.Introducing Sedimentology covers all of the rudimentary aspects of sedimentology including different types of sedimentary rocks, sedimentary structures and environments of deposition of sediments. The application of sedimentology in the search for hydrocarbons and other valuable economic resources is explained.Written for students, amateur enthusiasts and professional geologists, Introducing Sedimentology provides a succinct and accessible introduction to the science of sedimentology. It is generously illustrated with many explanatory line diagrams and colour photographs. Technical terms are kept to a minimum throughout the book, but a glossary of the terms used is provided.

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Sciences et techniques

Soil science

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Publié par	Dunedin Academic Press
Date de parution	20 novembre 2014
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781780465319
Langue	English

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Introducing Sedimentology
Other Titles in this Series:
Introducing Astronomy (2014)
Introducing Geology ~ A Guide to the World of Rocks (Second Edition 2010)
Introducing Geomorphology (2012)
Introducing Meteorology ~ A Guide to the Weather (2012)
Introducing Mineralogy (2015)
Introducing Natural Resources (forthcoming 2015)
Introducing Oceanography (2012)
Introducing Palaeontology ~ A Guide to Ancient Life (2010)
Introducing Tectonics, Rock Structures and Mountain Belts (2012)
Introducing the Planets and their Moons (2014)
Introducing Volcanology ~ A Guide to Hot Rocks (2011)
For further details of these and other Dunedin Earth and Environmental Sciences titles see
www.dunedinacademicpress.co.uk
INTRODUCING
SEDIMENTOLOGY
Stuart Jones
Published by
Dunedin Academic Press Ltd
Hudson House
8 Albany Street
Edinburgh EH1 3QB
London office:
352 Cromwell Tower
Barbican
London EC2Y 8NB
www.dunedinacademicpress.co.uk
ISBNs
9781780460178 (Paperback)
9781780465319 (ePub)
9781780465326 (Kindle)
© Stuart J. Jones 2015
The right of Stuart J. Jones to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without prior written permission, except for fair dealing under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Society in respect of photocopying or reprographic reproduction. Full acknowledgment as to author, publisher and source must be given. Application for permission for any other use of copyright material should be made in writing to the publisher.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Typeset by Makar Publishing Production, Edinburgh, Scotland
Printed in Poland by Hussar Books
Contents
List of tables and illustrations
Preface
1     What is sedimentology?
2     Sediment to sedimentary rock
3     Sedimentary structures
4     The sedimentary environment
5     Fossils and sediments
6     The riches from sedimentary rocks
Glossary
Further reading
Acknowledgements
I have received considerable support and advice from many colleagues in Durham during the preparation of this book with particular thanks to David Harper for assistance with fossils and exceptional preservation, Howard Armstrong who is always willing to offer an opinion and Maurice Tucker who is inspirational for everything sedimentological. Enormous thanks are due to Chris Orton for all of his hard work in drawing many of the figures in this book. A large chunk of the book was written while I was on research leave at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, NZ and I particularly thank Peter Kamp for his hospitality and teaching me about the last 65 millions years of New Zealand’s amazing geological evolution.
This book would not have been possible without the continued unrelenting support of Nichola and my two little field assistants, Adam and Luke.
List of illustrations and tables
Table 2.1
Classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks by grain size
Table 2.2
Classification of volcaniclastic sediments
Table 3.1
Terminology for describing sedimentary beds and laminae
Table 3.2
Erosional structures formed by erosive action of currents
Table 6.1
Typical porosity and permeability in sediments and sedimentary rocks strations and tab
Figure 1.1
Sediment consisting of A) well sorted and rounded grains, and B) poorly sorted with subrounded to subangular grains
Figure 1.2
Modern and ancient ripples
Figure 1.3
Sedimentary facies of repeating sandstone and mudstone
Figure 1.4
The principle of Walther’s Law
Figure 1.5
Examples of the principles of stratigraphy
Figure 1.6
Portrait of Nicolaus Steno (1638–86)
Figure 1.7
Nicolaus Steno’s four principles of stratigraphy
Figure 1.8
An idealized depositional sequence
Figure 1.9
The main types of sedimentary basins
Figure 1.10
Satellite image of the Persian Gulf system
Figure 2.1
The rock cycle
Figure 2.2
Rounding and sorting of sediment grains
Figure 2.3
The process of lithification of sandstones
Figure 2.4
Classification of sandstones
Figure 2.5
Crinoidal limestone
Figure 2.6
Travertine, central Iran
Figure 2.7
Photomicrograph of oolitic limestone
Figure 2.8
The Dolomites, South Tyrol, Italy
Figure 2.9
Anthracite coal
Figure 2.10
The Dead Sea
Figure 2.11
The process of lithification of mudstones
Figure 2.12
Chemical and physical changes during burial
Figure 2.13
Burial diagenesis of an oolitic sediment
Figure 2.14
Photomicrograph of a Triassic sandstone from the central North Sea
Figure 3.1
Inclined beds of Silurian Aberystwyth Grits, UK
Figure 3.2
Formation of geopetal structures
Figure 3.3
Photomicrograph of Devonian Rhynie chert from Aberdeenshire, UK
Figure 3.4
The Aberystwyth Grits, UK
Figure 3.5
Flute casts on the base of a sandstone bed
Figure 3.6
Fossil rain drop impressions from the Pliocene, Sorbas Basin, southern Spain
Figure 3.7
The development of current ripples
Figure 3.8
Straight-crested symmetrical ripples
Figure 3.9
Linguoidal (tongue-shaped) ripples
Figure 3.10
Sedimentary bedforms
Figure 3.11
Planar and trough cross-bedding
Figure 3.12
Flaser and wavy bedding
Figure 3.13
Ripple cross-laminated sandstone
Figure 3.14
Large-scale aeolian cross-bedding
Figure 3.15
Types of graded bedding found in sedimentary rocks
Figure 3.16
Flame and load structures at the base of a turbidite
Figure 3.17
Modern and ancient mud cracks
Figure 3.18
Types of biogenic sedimentary structures
Figure 3.19
Trace fossils
Figure 3.20
A septarian nodule
Figure 4.1
From grain to basin scale
Figure 4.2
Typical sedimentary depositional environments
Figure 4.3
A Landsat image of central Iran
Figure 4.4A
Erosion of the bedrock by glaciers
Figure 4.4B
Large boulders incorporated into an ice flow
Figure 4.5A
An alluvial fan forming at a mountain front
Figure 4.5B
Alluvial fan emerging from the Panamint Range, Death Valley, California
Figure 4.5C
Miocene age alluvial fan Spanish Pyrenees
Figure 4.6A
Thin section of Triassic Penrith sandstone
Figure 4.6B
Ventifacts
Figure 4.7A
Peyto Lake, a glacier-fed lake in the Canadian Rockies
Figure 4.7B
Finely laminated, diatom-rich silty clay, Lake Malawi
Figure 4.8A
Subenvironments and graphic log of a meandering river
Figure 4.8B
Triassic fluvial sandstones and conglomerates
Figure 4.9A
The subenvironments of a delta
Figure 4.9B
Graphic log of a typical delta
Figure 4.9C
Mississippi River delta with fine-grained sediment plume
Figure 4.10
A modern beach, Golden Bay, New Zealand
Figure 4.11
Modern stromatolites in Shark Bay, Western Australia
Figure 4.12
Graphic log of a typical carbonate ramp succession
Figure 4.13A
Iolanda Reef in Ras Muhammad Nature Park, Sinai, Egypt
Figure 4.13B
Main types of coral reef
Figure 4.13C
Satellite image of Atafu, coral atoll in the south Pacific Ocean
Figure 4.13D
The Permian El Capitan ancient reef, Texas, USA
Figure 4.14
Slump-related folds in Miocene sediments
Figure 4.15
An idealized Bouma sequence
Figure 4.16
An image from the Mast Camera on NASA’s Mars rover Curiosity
Figure 4.17
Windblown sediment on Mars
Figure 5.1
Types of fossil commonly found in sedimentary rocks
Figure 5.2
Extinct solitary rugose coral Dibunophyllum bipartitum
Figure 5.3
Ichthyosaur coprolites from the Lower Jurassic, Whitby
Figure 5.4A
Coccolithophore morphology
Figure 5.4B
Chalk cliffs at Flamborough Head, North Yorkshire
Figure 5.5
Principle of biostratigraphy
Figure 5.6
The geological age ranges of several marine invertebrates
Figure 5.7
Archaeopteryx lithographica fossil
Figure 5.8
A sequence of sedimentary rocks records the changing environments through time
Figure 6.1A
Gravel with high porosity
Figure 6.1B
Photomicrograph of a porous sandstone
Figure 6.1C
Range of porosity commonly encountered in sedimentary rocks
Figure 6.2
Groundwater reservoirs
Figure 6.3
The ‘oil and gas window’ – generation of hydrocarbons
Figure 6.4
Naturally