Elephant management , livre ebook

WITS University Press - Ian Whyte , Marius Staden , J. J. Altena , Rudi J. Aarde , Wayne Twine , Morgan Trimble , Izak Smit , Rob Slotow , Jeremy Ridl , Mogobe Ramose , Michele Pickover , Mike J. S. Peel , Bruce Page , Norman Owen-Smith , Theresia Ott , Pieter Olivier , Wayne Matthews , Johan Malan , Hector Magome , Robin L. Mackey , H P P (Hennie) Lötter , Rob Little , Keith Lindsay , Marietjie Landman , Laurence Kruger , Jay Kirkpatrick , Hanno Killian , Graham Kerley , Jessica Junker , Tim P. Jackson , Lisa Hopkinson , Markus Hofmeyr , Michelle Henley , Peter Hartley , Robert Guldemond , Douw Grobler , C C (Rina) Grant , Katie Gough , Angela Gaylard , Marion E. Garaï , Ganswindt Andre , Sam M. Ferreira , Saliem Fakir , Martin Wit , Audrey Delsink , Willem F Boer , Yolandi Beer , Warwick Davies-Mostert , Tony Conway , Guy Castley , Jane Carruthers , André Boshoff , James N. Blignaut , Harry Biggs , Henk Bertschinger , Roy Gordon Bengis , Jonathan Barnes , Dave Balfour , Graham Avery , Brandon Anthony , Kathleen G. Mennell , Robert J. Scholes

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295 pages

English

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Elephants are among the most magniﬁcent – but also most problematic –members of South Africa's wildlife population. While they are sought after by South African and foreign tourists alike, they also have a major impact on their environment. As a result, elephant management has become a highly complex and often controversial discipline. The information needed to underpin vital decisions about elephant management has largely been unavailable to decision-makers, contested by experts, or simply unknown. As a result, the South African Minister for Environmental Affairs and Tourism convened a round table to advise him on this issue. The round table recommended that a scientiﬁc assessment of elephant management be undertaken to gather, evaluate, and present all the relevant information on this topic. Its main ﬁndings and recommendations are contained in this volume. Elephant Management is the ﬁrst book of its kind, combining the work of more than 60 national and international experts. Extensively reviewed by policy-makers and other stakeholders, it is the most systematic and comprehensive review of savanna elephant populations and factors relevant to managing them to date. As such it is of interest to a broad spectrum of readers in South Africa and elsewhere. Above all, it is aimed at helping conservation policy-makers and practitioners to choose the best possible options for the sustainable preservation of these iconic animals.
Foreword
List of figures
List of tables
List of boxes
About the authors and contributors
List of reviewers
Acronyms and abbreviations
Preface
Summary for policymakers
Chapter 1 The elephant in South Africa: history and distribution
Lead author: Jane Carruthers
Author: André Boshoff
Contributing authors: Rob Slotow, Harry C Biggs, Graham Avery, and Wayne Matthews
Chapter 2 Elephant population biology and ecology
Lead author: Rudi van Aarde
Authors: Sam Ferreira, Tim Jackson, and Bruce Page
Contributing authors: Yolande de Beer, Katie Gough, Rob Guldemond, Jessi Junker, Pieter Olivier, Theresia Ott, and Morgan Trimble
Chapter 3 Effects of elephants on ecosystems and biodiversity
Lead author: Graham IH Kerley
Authors: Marietjie Landman, Laurence Kruger, and Norman Owen-Smith
Contributing authors: Dave Balfour, Willem F de Boer, Angela Gaylard, Keith Lindsay, and Rob Slotow
Chapter 4 Interactions between elephants and people
Lead author: Wayne Twine
Author: Hector Magome
Chapter 5 Elephant translocation
Lead author: Douw G Grobler
Authors: J J van Altena, Johan H Malan, and Robin L Mackey
Chapter 6 Reproductive control of elephants
Lead author: Henk Bertschinger
Author: Audrey Delsink
Contributing authors: J J van Altena, Jay Kirkpatrick, Hanno Killian, Andre Ganswindt, Rob Slotow, and Guy Castley
Chapter 7 Controlling the distribution of elephants
Lead author: CC (Rina) Grant
Authors: Roy Bengis, Dave Balfour, and Mike Peel
Contributing authors: Warwick Davies-Mostert, Hanno Killian, Rob Little, Izak Smit, Marion Garaï, Michelle Henley, Brandon Anthony, and Peter Hartley
Contributors to the fencing table: Meiring Prinsloo, Ian Bester, John Adendorf, Paul Havemann, Bill Howells, Duncan MacFadyen, and Tim Parker
Chapter 8 Lethal management of elephants
Lead author: Rob Slotow
Authors: Ian Whyte and Markus Hofmeyr
Contributing authors: Graham H I Kerley, Tony Conway, and Robert J Scholes
Chapter 9 Ethical considerations in elephant management
Lead author: H P P (Hennie) Lötter
Authors: Michelle Henley, Saliem Fakir, and Michele Pickover
Contributing author: Mogobe Ramose
Chapter 10 The economic value of elephants
Lead author: James Blignaut
Authors: Martin de Wit and Jon Barnes
Chapter 11 National and international law
Lead author: Lisa Hopkinson
Authors: Marius van Staden and Jeremy Ridl
Chapter 12 Towards integrated decision making for elephant
management
Lead author: Harry C Biggs
Author: Rob Slotow
Contributing authors: Robert J Scholes, Jane Carruthers, Rudi van Aarde, Graham H I Kerley, Wayne Twine,
Douw G Grobler, Henk Berthshinger, CC (Rina) Grant, HP P (Hennie) Lötter, James Blignaut, Lisa Hopkinson, and Mike Peel
Glossary
Index

Sujets

Sciences de la nature

Sciences de l'environnement

Science

454 Life Sciences

Ecology

Environment

Applied ecology

Biology

Sciences et techniques

Environmental Science

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Informations

Publié par	WITS University Press
Date de parution	01 mars 2008
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781776142279
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	4 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1750€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

ELEPHANT
MANAGEMENT
Contributing Authors
Brandon Anthony, Graham Avery, Dave Balfour,
Jon Barnes, Roy Bengis, Henk Bertschinger,
Harry C Biggs, James Blignaut, André Boshoff,
Jane Carruthers, Guy Castley, Tony Conway,
Warwick Davies-Mostert, Yolande de Beer,
Willem F de Boer, Martin de Wit, Audrey Delsink,
Saliem Fakir, Sam Ferreira, Andre Ganswindt,
Marion Garaï, Angela Gaylard, Katie Gough,
CC (Rina) Grant, Douw G Grobler, Rob Guldemond,
Peter Hartley, Michelle Henley, Markus Hofmeyr,
Lisa Hopkinson, Tim Jackson, Jessi Junker,
Graham I H Kerley, Hanno Killian, Jay Kirkpatrick,
Laurence Kruger, Marietjie Landman, Keith Lindsay,
Rob Little, HPP (Hennie) Lötter, Robin L Mackey,
Hector Magome, Johan H Malan, Wayne Matthews,
Kathleen G Mennell, Pieter Olivier, Theresia Ott,
Norman Owen-Smith, Bruce Page,
Mike Peel, Michele Pickover, Mogobe Ramose,
Jeremy Ridl, Robert J Scholes, Rob Slotow, Izak Smit,
Morgan Trimble, Wayne Twine, Rudi van Aarde,
JJ van Altena, Marius van Staden, Ian Whyte
ELEPHANT
MANAGEMENT
A Scientific Assessment for South Africa
Edited by RJ Scholes and KG Mennell
Wits University Press
1 Jan Smuts Avenue
Johannesburg
2001
South Africa
http://witspress.wits.ac.za
Entire publication © 2008 by Wits University Press
Introduction and chapters © 2008 by Individual authors
ISBN 978 1 86814 479 2
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the express permission, in writing, of both the author and the publisher.
Cover photograph by Donald Cook at stock.xchng
Cover design, layout and design by Acumen Publishing Solutions, Johannesburg
Printed and bound by Creda Communications, Cape Town
FOREWORD

SOUTH AFRICA and its people are blessed with diverse and thriving wildlife. We are also a developing economy with a growing population. From these facts emerges the particular situation of having most of our protected areas surrounded by land that has been transformed, to a greater or lesser extent, by human development. Large mammals, such as elephants, no longer roam the entire landscape, and their populations are no longer completely governed by the laws of nature. Protecting elephants and the ecological systems in which they exist in a practical and sustainable way that balances the needs of humans, elephants and the environment is a challenge to which I am committed.
This Assessment was undertaken to reduce the degree of scientific uncertainty associated with decisions that must be made very soon and in the medium-to-long term. It helps to evaluate the costs and benefits associated with each choice, both in economic and ecological terms, and clarifies the legal framework within which they must be made. Collectively the chapters in this report reveal the many successes our country’s experts, in collaboration with their peers in neighbouring countries and abroad, have achieved in understanding elephants and their needs, in fields as diverse as veterinary science, ecology, animal behaviour, population and resource modelling. Importantly, the Assessment exposes important gaps in our understanding and thus outlines necessary future avenues of research. This Assessment represents a key milestone in an ongoing Elephant Research Programme.
Science does not provide all the information required to resolve the difficult issues raised by the management of elephant in a changing and human-dominated world. Many of the required decisions have a strong element of human values implicit in them. How do South Africans wish to treat the other species with which they share our land? Extensive consultation and careful consideration of the values expressed by a wide range of stakeholders is also an essential part of the process of managing elephant in a democratic country. I am grateful to the many experts and interested persons who invested their time, experience and intellect to deliver this Assessment. I look forward to their continued engagement on the issue of elephant management, which is of great interest to many.
Marthinus van Schalkwyk
Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 2008
CONTENTS
Foreword
List of figures
List of tables
List of boxes
About the authors and contributors
List of reviewers
Acronyms and abbreviations
Preface
Summary for policymakers
Chapter 1 The elephant in South Africa: history and distribution
Lead author: Jane Carruthers
Author: André Boshoff
Contributing authors: Rob Slotow, Harry C Biggs, Graham Avery, and Wayne Matthews
Chapter 2 Elephant population biology and ecology
Lead author: Rudi van Aarde
Authors: Sam Ferreira, Tim Jackson, and Bruce Page
Contributing authors: Yolande de Beer, Katie Gough, Rob Guldemond, Jessi Junker, Pieter Olivier, Theresia Ott, and Morgan Trimble
Chapter 3 Effects of elephants on ecosystems and biodiversity
Lead author: Graham IH Kerley
Authors: Marietjie Landman, Laurence Kruger, and Norman Owen-Smith
Contributing authors: Dave Balfour, Willem F de Boer, Angela Gaylard, Keith Lindsay, and Rob Slotow
Chapter 4 Interactions between elephants and people
Lead author: Wayne Twine
Author: Hector Magome
Chapter 5 Elephant translocation
Lead author: Douw G Grobler
Authors: JJ van Altena, Johan H Malan, and Robin L Mackey
Chapter 6 Reproductive control of elephants
Lead author: Henk Bertschinger
Author: Audrey Delsink
Contributing authors: JJ van Altena, Jay Kirkpatrick, Hanno Killian, Andre Ganswindt, Rob Slotow, and Guy Castley
Chapter 7 Controlling the distribution of elephants
Lead author: CC (Rina) Grant
Authors: Roy Bengis, Dave Balfour, and Mike Peel
Contributing authors: Warwick Davies-Mostert, Hanno Killian, Rob Little, Izak Smit, Marion Garaï, Michelle Henley, Brandon Anthony, and Peter Hartley
Contributors to the fencing table: Meiring Prinsloo, Ian Bester, John Adendorf, Paul Havemann, Bill Howells, Duncan MacFadyen, and Tim Parker
Chapter 8 Lethal management of elephants
Lead author: Rob Slotow
Authors: Ian Whyte and Markus Hofmeyr
Contributing authors: Graham H I Kerley, Tony Conway, and Robert J Scholes
Chapter 9 Ethical considerations in elephant management
Lead author: HPP (Hennie) Lötter
Authors: Michelle Henley, Saliem Fakir, and Michele Pickover
Contributing author: Mogobe Ramose
Chapter 10 The economic value of elephants
Lead author: James Blignaut
Authors: Martin de Wit and Jon Barnes
Chapter 11 National and international law
Lead author: Lisa Hopkinson
Authors: Marius van Staden and Jeremy Ridl
Chapter 12 Towards integrated decision making for elephant management
Lead author: Harry C Biggs
Author: Rob Slotow
Contributing authors: Robert J Scholes, Jane Carruthers, Rudi van Aarde, Graham H I Kerley, Wayne Twine, Douw G Grobler, Henk Berthshinger, CC (Rina) Grant, HP P (Hennie) Lötter, James Blignaut, Lisa Hopkinson, and Mike Peel
Glossary
Index
LIST OF FIGURES
Preface
1 Overview of assessment role players
2 Schematic of the assessment process and post-assessment activities
Summary for policymakers
1 Elephant distribution and population trends in Africa, southern Africa and South Africa
2 The structure of elephant social organisation
3 These photographs were taken in exactly the same location and direction ten years apart on the clayey soils of the eastern Kruger National Park
4 Hypothetical trajectories of elephant numbers
5 Translocations of elephant family groups occurring in South Africa over the period 1994–2006
6 Diagram showing the process of adaptive management, illustrating the sequence of actions and analyses aimed at deriving and implementing the objectives, and enhancing management over time
Chapter 1
1 Historical distribution of the African elephant in the broader Eastern Cape
2 ‘Choice bits of an elephant. The feet and trunk’ (1862) by Thomas Baines
3 ‘Hunting the wild elephant’, by William Cornwallis Harris .
4 ‘Wagons on Market Square, Grahamstown (1850)’, by Thomas Baines
5 ‘The elephant killed by Transvaal hunter Henry Hartley in the Zimbabwe area for its ivory lies on a seam of gold’, by Thomas Baines
6 Ivory exports from the Cape Colony, 1832–1909
7 Range of the African elephant in 2006
8 Early/ historical distribution of elephants in the area covered by the present South Africa, based on skeletal material, indigenous art and historical records
9 Increase in the number of populations of elephants in the Eastern Cape
10 The distribution of the African elephant in South Africa in 2006
11 Overall increase in elephant population size in the Addo Elephant National Park since the park was fenced in 1954
12 Summary of Tembe Elephant Park elephant counts from 1947 to 2006
13 Diagrammatic indication of key values in elephant management in South Africa
Chapter 2
1 The home range sizes of elephant bulls and breeding herds in South Africa compared to those recorded elsewhere in southern Africa, within different annual rainfall classes
2 The home range sizes across southern Africa of elephant bulls and breeding herds whose movements are restricted by fencing, compared to those whose movements are unrestricted
3 A comparison of reproductive variables of elephant populations living in South Africa with those for elephants living elsewhere in Africa
4 Reproductive values as a function of age for South African and other populations
5 The distribution of elephant densities extracted from the most recent African Elephant Status Report
6 Exponential growth rates estimated from at least three population estimates in a time series for 28 South African elephant populations and 152 populations elsewhere in Africa
7 Exponential population growth of South African elephant populations since 1985 as a function of density
8 A conceptual model for the management of elephant populations in South Africa