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Panentheism has gained popularity among contemporary thinkers. This belief system explains that "all is in God"; as a soul is related to a body, so God is related to the world. In Panentheism--The Other God of the Philosophers, philosopher and theologian John Cooper traces the growth and evolution of this intricate theology from Plotinus to Alfred North Whitehead to the present. This landmark book--the first complete history of panentheism written in English--explores the subject through the lens of various thinkers, such as Plato, Jürgen Moltmann, Paul Tillich, Wolfhart Pannenberg, and Charles Hartshorne, and discusses how panentheism has influenced liberation, feminist, and ecological theologies. Cooper not only sketches the evolution of panentheism but also critiques it; ultimately, he offers a defense of classical theism. This book is for readers who care deeply about theology and think seriously about their faith.

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Philosophie et théologie

Philosophy of religion

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Publié par	Baker Publishing Group
Date de parution	01 novembre 2006
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781585584048
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,2160€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Panentheism The Other God of the Philosophers
Panentheism The Other God of the Philosophers

From Plato to the Present
John W. Cooper
2006 by John W. Cooper
Published by Baker Academic a division of Baker Publishing Group P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287 www.bakeracademic.com
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means-for example, electronic, photocopy, recording-without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cooper, John W., 1947- Panentheism-the other God of the philosophers : from Plato to the present / John W. Cooper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 10: 0-8010-2724-1 (cloth) ISBN 978-0-8010-2724-6 (cloth) 1. God-History of doctrines. 2. Panentheism-History of doctrines. I. Title. BT98.C67 2006 211'.2-dc22
2006016976
To the students of Calvin Theological Seminary and all who seek to shape their ministries according to sound doctrine
Contents
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Panentheism: The Other God of the Philosophers
Classical Theism, Relational Theology, and the God of the Philosophers
The Other God of the Philosophers: The Panentheistic Tradition
The Two Purposes of This Survey
The Intended Readers: Theological Learners
A Preliminary Overview
Basic Terms and Distinctions in Panentheism
2 Panentheism from Plato through Christian Neoplatonism
Platonism: Source of Two Theological Traditions
Plato
Stoicism: Naturalistic Pantheism
Neoplatonism
Pseudo-Dionysius and Christian Neoplatonism
John Scotus Eriugena
Meister Eckhart
Nicholas of Cusa
Jakob B hme
Conclusion
3 Pantheism and Panentheism from the Renaissance to Romanticism
Giordano Bruno
Baruch Spinoza
Seventeenth-Century Neoplatonism
Jonathan Edwards
Early German Romanticism: Lessing and Herder
Friedrich Schleiermacher
Conclusion
4 Schelling and Hegel: The Godfathers of Modern Panentheism
Background: Kant and Fichte
Schelling
Hegel
Conclusion
5 Nineteenth-Century Proliferation
Germany
Karl Krause
Isaak Dorner
Gustav Fechner
Hermann Lotze
Otto Pfleiderer
Ernst Troeltsch
England
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Thomas Hill Green
John and Edward Caird
James Ward
Andrew Seth Pringle-Pattison
Samuel Alexander
William Ralph Inge and Anglican Theology
The United States
Ralph Waldo Emerson and Transcendentalism
Charles Sanders Peirce
William James
France
Jules Lequier
Charles Renouvier
Henri Bergson
Conclusion
6 Teilhard de Chardin s Christocentric Panentheism
Cosmic Evolution to the Omega Point
Teilhard s Theology: Omega Is God in the Cosmic Christ
Teilhard s Panentheism: Christian Pantheism
Conclusion: From Heretic to Prophet
7 Process Theology: Whitehead, Hartshorne, Cobb, and Griffin
Alfred North Whitehead
Charles Hartshorne
John Cobb and David Griffin s Christian Process Theology
Process Theology and Free-Will (Open) Theism
Conclusion
8 Tillich s Existential Panentheism
Tillich s Correlation of Philosophy and Theology
Tillich s Existential Ontology
Tillich s Doctrine of God and the World
Tillich s Panentheism
9 Diversity in Twentieth-Century Philosophy, Theology, and Religion
Philosophers in the Christian Tradition
Martin Heidegger
Hans-Georg Gadamer
Nicolai Berdyaev
Theologians in the Christian Tradition
William Temple
John A. T. Robinson
John Macquarrie
Karl Rahner
Hans K ng
Non-Christian Panentheists
Martin Buber and Judaism
Muhammed Iqbal: Islam
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Hinduism
Masao Abe and Alan Watts: Zen Buddhism
Starhawk: Wiccan Neopaganism
Conclusion
10 Moltmann s Perichoretic Panentheism
Overview
Dialectical Ontology and the Theology of Hope
The Crucified God
The Trinity and the Kingdom
God in Creation: Perichoresis Universalized
The Coming of God
Moltmann s Panentheism as Christian Theology
11 Pannenberg s Panentheistic Force Field
Is Pannenberg a Panentheist?
An Overview of His Life and Theology
Pannenberg s Panentheism: The Divine Force Field
Pannenberg s Historical-Trinitarian Panentheism
Conclusion
12 Panentheistic Liberation and Ecological Theologies
James Cone s Black Theology
Latin American Liberation Theology
Gustavo Guti rrez
Juan Luis Segundo
Leonardo Boff
Feminist-Ecological Theology
Rosemary Ruether
Sallie McFague
Matthew Fox s Creation Spirituality
Conclusion
13 Panentheism in Theological Cosmology
Barbour s Qualified Process Panentheism
The Uniformitarian Panentheism of Davies
Peacocke s Naturalistic Sacramental Panentheism
Clayton s Emergent Personal Panentheism
Polkinghorne s Eschatological Panentheism
Conclusion
14 Why I Am Not a Panentheist
The Nature of the Response
The God of the Bible
Doctrinal and Theological Issues
Philosophical Issues
The Biblical Worldview and Redemptive History
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Calvin Theological Seminary for supporting this book in several ways. I was granted two sabbaticals and one publication leave during the years I worked on it and was provided comfortable work space and excellent technical support. Calvin Seminary also awarded me two Heritage Fund Grants to pay assistants during the final two summers of writing. Several Ph. D. student assistants helped with initial research and provided thoughtful feedback on early drafts. The excellent theology and philosophy collections of the Hekman Library of Calvin College and Seminary include all but half a dozen of the works cited.
I am thankful to my editor, Brian Bolger of Baker Academic, whose sound advice on early drafts helped greatly to improve the readability of the final product.
I am especially grateful to my son, John, and my daughter, Catherine, who helped with research, critical reading, and thorough editing.
Finally, I express my abiding gratitude to Sylvia, my wife, for her faithful support, interest, patience, and willingness to let me spend time and personal energy that rightfully belonged to her on this book. I cannot repay her, but I am trying.
Abbreviations
General B.C.E. before the Common Era bk(s). book(s) C.E. the Common Era chap(s). chapter(s) d. died diss. dissertation e.g. exempli gratia, for example ed(s). edited by; editor(s) i.e. id est, that is intro. introduced by par. paragraph(s) p(p). page(s) q. question rev. revised sec. section trans. translated by; translator vol(s). volume(s)
Primary Sources
Johannes Eckhart Serm. Sermones ( Sermons )
John Scotus Eriugena Div. nat. De divisione naturae ( On the Division of Nature )
Nicholas of Cusa Doc. ign. De docta ignorantia ( On Learned Ignorance )
Plato Rep. Republic Tim. Timaeus
Plotinus Enn. Enneads
Proclus Theol. plat. Theologia platonica ( The Platonic Theology )
Pseudo-Dionysius Div. nom. De divinis nominibus ( The Divine Names )
Thomas Aquinas ST Summa theologica
Secondary Sources
Hist. Phil. Frederick Copleston, History of Philosophy. Westminster, MD: Newman Press, 1946-75. Repr., Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962-77
EncPhil Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Paul Edwards. 8 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1967
EncRel The Encyclopedia of Religion. Edited by Mircea Eliade. 16 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1987
JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion
JR Journal of Religion
Schaff-Herzog The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1910. Repr., Grand Rapids: Baker, 1953
TSP Tulane Studies in Philosophy
1

Panentheism
The Other God of the Philosophers
Classical Theism, Relational Theology, and the God of the Philosophers
When Pascal penned his famous warning against substituting the God of the philosophers for the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob 1 . he was addressing the Enlightened intellectuals of his time who rejected biblical revelation and the supernatural God of the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Deists and Baruch Spinoza are prime examples. They constructed theologies based on reason alone, not on supernatural revelation. They either ignored Holy Scripture or reinterpreted it so that it makes no claims about God and salvation that an intelligent human could not discover merely by thinking clearly. 2 The gods of these philosophers are at odds with the God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jesus Christ. They conflict with core Judeo-Christian beliefs about the particularity and supernatural character of God s redemptive dealings with humanity through Israel and Jesus Christ. Pascal was not criticizing traditional Christian theology so long as it is an expression of genuine devotion to God.
When theologians of the last two centuries warn against the God of the philosophers, however, they are targeting something else. For them, the God of the philosophers is the God of classical theism , the standard mainstream doctrine of God in the Christian tradition from earliest times until the twentieth century. In brief, classical theism asserts that God is transcendent, self-sufficient, eternal, and immutable in relation to the world; thus he does not change through time and is not affected by his relation to his creatures. 3 . large majority of recent theologians-non-Christians, modernist Christians, and even traditional Christians-agree that the classical doctrine of God is neither biblical nor philosophically coherent. So they warn theology students and thoughtful believers away from the God of the philosophers. It is important for us to consider classical theism and these criticisms more fully.
Classical theism is a complex doctrine of God that has been worked out over centuries in the Western church by such preeminent Christian teachers as Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, and Scotus and carried on after the Reformation by