Stroke in Children and Young Adults E-Book , livre ebook

STROKE in Children and Young Adults
Second Edition

José Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA
Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
Saunders
Copyright
Saunders Elsevier
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STROKE IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS ISBN: 978-0-7506-7418-8
Copyright © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
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Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment, and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on his or her experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Author assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
The Publisher
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biller, José.
Stroke in children and young adults / José Biller. -- 2nd ed. p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7506-7418-8
ISBN-10: 0-7506-7418-0
1. Cerebrovascular disease in children. 2. Cerebrovascular disease. I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Stroke. 2. Adolescent. 3. Child. 4. Infant. 5. Young Adult. WL 355 B597s 2009]
RJ496.C45S77 2009
618.92′81--dc22
2008054235
Acquisitions Editor: Adrianne Brigido
Developmental Editor: Joan Ryan
Publishing Services Manager: Hemamalini Rajendrababu
Project Manager: Jagannathan Varadarajan
Printed in USA
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. William DeMyer. Known and loved by many as preeminent neuroanatomist, erudite teacher, tireless advisor, compassionate caregiver, gregarious sportsman, and consummate family man. He will be missed by those whom he touched with any facet of his multidimensional life.
Contributors

Thomas J. Altstadt, MD, Neurological Surgery, Medford Neurological and Spine Center, Medford, Oregon

José Biller, MD, FACP, FAAN, FAHA, Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois

Rima M. Dafer, MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois

William E. DeMyer, MD, Professor Emeritus of Child Neurology, Indiana University, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana

Meredith R. Golomb, MD, MSc, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology,Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana

Lotfi Hacein-Bey, MD, Professor, Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery and Director, Neuroradiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois

Betsy B. Love, MD, Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois

James F. Meschia, MD, Professor and Director, Cerebrovascular Division, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida

Thomas C. Origitano, MD, PhD, FACS, Professor and Chair, Department of Neurological Surgery, Co-Director, The Center for Cranial Base Surgery, Director, Loyola Neuroscience Service Line, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois

Hema Patel, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Section of Pediatric Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Section of Pediatric Neurology, Clarian Health Partners – James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana

Michael B. Pritz, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Neurological Surgery and Director, Cerebrovascular and Skull Base Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Attending Neurosurgeon, University Hospitals, Indianapolis, Indiana

Richard B. Rodgers, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana

Michael J. Schneck, MD, Associate Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois

Eugene R. Schnitzler, MD, Associate Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics and Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Pediatrics, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois

Mitesh V. Shah, MD, FACS, Associate Professor and Co-Director, Skull Base Surgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana

Deborah K. Sokol, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology, Section of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Pediatric Neurologist, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana

Marc G. Weiss, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Director, Division of Neonatology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Medical Director, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ronald McDonald Children’s Hospital of Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
Foreword

Mark L. Dyken, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Neurology, Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
To write a foreward to a second edition is in many ways much easier than for a first. One responds to success rather than predicting it. Fourteen years ago, Professor James Toole pointed out in the “foreward” the need for and the potential importance of this book, Stroke in Children and Young Adults . He concluded with the statement that “Professor Biller and his colleagues have authored a text that will stand the test of time.” Obviously he was correct. The success of the first edition established the need for and importance of the publication and, for 14 years, it stood the test of time. He also predicted that the new generation of clinical neuroscientists specializing in the prevention of and therapy for stroke would carry on to new heights of accomplishment. Again, he proved to be correct. Since 1994, this new generation has added so much to our understanding of stroke in children and young adults that this new edition is a necessity.
Professor Biller and his colleagues responded to this challenge and extensively revised and added to the material originally published bringing this document up to date and including information published in the early part of 2008. This has resulted in extensive rewriting of the original 14 chapters and the addition of three new chapters. This is indeed a state-of-the-art publication. For example, most of the references are published after 1994. As one reviews the galleys, one is struck by how much has been added to our knowledge during this time. In addition to many of the original contributors, others have been added and have continued the high quality of work produced in the first edition.
The additional three chapters extend and add information to that included in the first edition. In particular, the chapter, Applied Anatomy of the Brain Arteries , by William DeMyer should serve as an invaluable addition for any understanding of vascular supply and clinical syndromes related to the brain arteries and for a reference in the future. It is unlikely that someone not working primarily in stroke would keep all of these details constantly in mind. As this book was in the final editing process, Dr. DeMyer died at the age of 84 years. Although physically incapacitated during his final few months, hecontinued to work and contribute in many areas of Neurology and completed his final book, Taking the Clinical History: Eliciting Symptoms, Ethical Foundations , a few days before his death. The dedication of this book to him, expresses the high regard that Biller, his colleagues, and all who know of his many contributions and his work ethic have for him. It is also a reflection of Professor Biller’s good judgment in selecting outstanding contributors for inclusion in this volume.
Let us hope that the continued rapid acquisition of knowledge makes it necessary for a third edition long before 14 years. In the meantime, this updated volume will serve as the state-of-the-art source for understanding of Stroke in Children and Young Adults .
Preface to the First Edition
Cerebrovascular disease in children and young adults represents a challenge to clinical neu