Principles of Neurological Surgery E-Book , livre ebook

Principles of Neurological Surgery
Third Edition

Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD, FACS
Professor and Chairman, Theodore S. Roberts Endowed Chair, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

Saleem I. Abdulrauf, MD, FAANS FACS
Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Director, Saint Louis University Center for Cerebrovascular and Skull Base Surgery, Neurosurgeon-in-Chief, Saint Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Laligam N. Sekhar, MD, FACS
Vice Chairman, William Joseph Leedom and Bennett Bigelow Professor
Director, Cerebrovascular Surgery and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
Saunders
 
Copyright

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PRINCIPLES OF NEUROLOGICAL SURGERY ISBN: 978-1-4377-0701-4
Copyright © 2012 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright © 2005, Elsevier Limited.
Copyright © 1994, Mosby Year-Book Limited
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions .
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Principles of neurological surgery / editors, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Saleem I. Abdulrauf; associate editor, Laligam N. Sekhar. -- 3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Principles of neurosurgery / edited by Setti S. Rengachary, Richard G. Ellenbogen.
2nd ed. 2005.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4377-0701-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)
I. Ellenbogen, Richard G. II. Abdulrauf, Saleem I. III. Sekhar, Laligam N.
IV. Principles of neurosurgery.
[DNLM: 1. Neurosurgical Procedures. 2. Nervous System Diseases—surgery. WL 368]
LC classification not assigned
617.4’8–dc23 2011046359
Associate Content Strategist: Julie Goolsby
Content Development Specialist: Julia Bartz
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Printed in the United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
In Memorium


CHRISTOPHER C. GETCH, MD (1961-2012)
SETTI S. RENGACHARY, MD (1937-2008)
They floated through our lives for far too short a time. Professors Getch and Rengachary were renowned neurological surgeons, husbands, fathers, and mentors. These leaders taught using the tools of inspiration and patience. They operated with skill and compassion. And they brought happiness to all whose lives they touched. They remain heroes to their patients and role models to their students. They were forces of light and kindness in our field, and as our friends, made us better. We shall miss their intellect, humor, and gentle spirits. They shall forever remain as beacons of what the best of our field can bring to those we serve. We dedicate this edition to them.

“Concern for man and his fate must always form the chief interest of all technical endeavors. Never forget this in the midst of your diagrams and equations.”
Albert Einstein
Dedication
To the loves of my life: Sandy, Rachel, Paul, and Zachary…thank you for my happiness and your great humor!

Richard G. Ellenbogen, MD, FACS
I dedicate this book to my patients for placing their deepest trust in us, as there is no higher trust than to place their lives in the hands of others. This trust represents our most seminal obligation.
I dedicate this book to my students, residents, and fellows, as there is no higher achievement than to see those whom we mentor go on to become compassionate and technically exceptional neurosurgeons.

Saleem I. Abdulrauf, MD, FAANS, FACS
I dedicate the book to my wife, Gordana, and my children, Raja, Daniela, and Krishna.

Laligam N. Sekhar, MD, FACS
Contributors

Saleem I. Abdulrauf, MD, FAANS, FACS
Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine
Director, Saint Louis University Center for Cerebrovascular and Skull Base Surgery, Neurosurgeon-in-Chief, Saint Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Francesco Acerbi, MD, PhD
Department of Neurosurgery Fondazione IRCCS Istituto, Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy

Geoffrey Appelboom, MD
Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

Col. Rocco A. Armonda, MD
Director, Cerebrovascular Surgery and Interventional Neuroradiology, National Capital Neurosurgery Service, Walter Reed Military Medical Center
Director, Department of Neurosurgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Danielle Balériaux, MD
Emeritus Professor and Senior Consultant, Department of Neuroradiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Nicholas C. Bambakidis, MD
Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

H. Hunt Batjer, MD
Professor and Chair, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Joel A. Bauman, MD
Resident, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

LCDR Randy S. Bell, MD
Assistant Professor, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences
Attending Neurosurgeon, National Capital Neurosurgery Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Shawn A. Belverud, DO, LCDR, MC, USN
Staff Neurosurgeon, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, USA

Bernard R. Bendok, MD, FACS
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA

Edward C. Benzel, MD
Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Mitchel S. Berger, MD
Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

Sandeep S. Bhangoo, MD, MS
Chief Resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA

William Bingaman, MD
Vice Chairman, Neurological Institute, Head Department of Epilepsy Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Peter Black, MD, PhD
Professor of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Founding Chair, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, President of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies

Benjamin Blondel, MD
Spine Division, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York University, New York, New York, USA

Giovanni Broggi, MD
Professor of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy

Morgan Broggi, MD
Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy

Jacques Brotchi, MD, PhD, FACS
Emeritus Professor and Honorary Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium

Samuel R. Browd, MD, PhD
Assistant Professor of Neurological Surgery, Associate Residency Director, Department of Neurological Surger