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221 pages

English

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Psychiatry

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Publié par	New Harbinger Publications
Date de parution	01 janvier 0001
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781608826728
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1798€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Alan Poling and Thomas Byrne
New Harbinger Publications, Inc. -->
For Jessie, Catherine, and the Dragons
Publisher’s Note
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. If expert assistance or counseling is needed, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology
Distributed in Canada by Raincoast Books
Context Press is a division of New Harbinger Publications, Inc.
5674 Shattuck Ave
Oakland, CA 94609
www.newharbinger.com
Epub ISBN: 978-1-60882-xxx-x
The Library of Congress has cataloged the print edition as:
Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology/ edited by Alan Poling and Thomas Byrne.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references
ISBN-13: 978-1-878978-36-3
ISBN-10: 1-878978-36-5
1. Pharmacology. 2. Behavior Analysis.
I. Poling, Alan, 1950- II. Byrne, Thomas, 1972-

RM315.I588 2000
615.78--dc21 00-025399 CIP
Preface
On superficial examination, it appears that drugs, like gods, work in mysterious ways. One has only to see a group of people drinking in excess to recognize that not everyone responds in the same way to a given substance. Some drunks are aggressive, others are maudlin. More than a few are depressive or amorous. What makes them different? This is the kind of question than interests behavioral pharmacologists, and it is the purpose of this book to provide a conceptual framework adequate for answering such questions. The reader who masters its contents won’t be able to provide a detailed explanation of why S. F. cries and F. S. sings when they are in the hops, but he or she will have a better understanding of how drugs produce their behavioral effects, and of the many variables that influence drug action. Such information is worth having, for we are constantly exposed to, and affected by, drugs.
Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology comprises 10 chapters. Chapter 1 describes the fundamental features of behavioral pharmacology, which combines procedures and concepts of behavior analysis and pharmacology to explore and explain the behavioral effects of drugs, and summarizes important historical events in the field’s development. Chapter 2 introduces behavior analysis and Chapter 3 does the same for pharmacology. Chapter 4 describes how drugs affect the brain and how these actions relate to behavior change. Chapters 5 and 6 summarize procedures commonly used by behavioral pharmacologists to study drug effects in nonhumans and humans, respectively. Chapter 7 describes how drugs affect behavior by acting as functional stimuli in the context of respondent and operant conditioning. Chapter 8 summarizes the variables that may influence the effects of a given drug. Chapter 9 considers how behavioral pharmacology can contribute to the evaluation of psychotropic drugs, which are medications prescribed to deal with behavior disorders, including mental illness. Chapter 10 discusses drug abuse from the perspective of behavioral pharmacology. To aid students, important terms appear in bold-faced type throughout the book.
Introduction to Behavioral Pharmacology is written for people with no special training in pharmacology or behavior analysis, although at least passing familiarity with the latter area will make certain sections easier to understand. The book is an edited text, but all chapters were contributed by faculty and students from the Psychology Department at Western Michigan University, and one of us (AP) is a co-author of each chapter. Our aim was to minimize the unevenness characteristic of edited texts, while retaining the breadth of coverage that multiple contributors bring to a work. If we have succeeded in either regard, it is due largely to the good efforts of those who worked with us. We thank them. We also thank Steve Hayes for his patience in allowing us to complete this project years after our promised date of completion. Finally, and most importantly, we thank Catherine, Jessie, Serah, and Kristal for their love and support, which make all efforts worthwhile.
Alan Poling and Thomas Byrne
Spring 2000
1. Introduction
Alan Poling
Western Michigan University
2. Principles of Behavior Analysis
Thomas Byrne and Alan Poling
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
Western Michigan University
3. Principles of Pharmacology
Alan Poling and Thomas Byrne
Western Michigan University
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
4. Neuropharmacology
Lisa Baker, Thomas Morgan, and Alan Poling
Western Michigan University
5. Assessing Drug Effects in Nonhumans
Alan Poling and Thomas Byrne
Western Michigan University
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
6. Basic Research With Humans
Susan Snycerski, Sean Laraway, and Alan Poling
Western Michigan University
7. Stimulus Properties of Drugs
Alan Poling, Thomas Byrne, and Thomas Morgan
Western Michigan University
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
8. Variables that Influence Drug Action
Alan Poling
Western Michigan University
9. Clinical Drug Assessment
Scott H. Kollins, Kristal Ehrhardt, and Alan Poling
Western Michigan University

10. Drug Abuse
Sean Laraway, Susan Snycerski, Thomas Byrne, and Alan Poling
Western Michigan University
Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts
1. Introduction
Alan Poling
Western Michigan University
The discipline known as behavioral pharmacology uses methods and concepts from behavior analysis to explore and explain the behavioral effects of drugs. Behavior analysis is a unique natural science approach to the study of behavior popularized by B. F. Skinner (e.g., 1938, 1953, 1974). Because behavior analysis forms the theoretical and methodological foundation of behavioral pharmacology, it deserves careful attention. This chapter summarizes the behavior analytic approach to understanding behavior in general, and considers how this approach is used to analyze drug effects.
The Science of Behavior Analysis
Like several other early psychologists, Skinner argued that the best way to understand human behavior is to study it from the perspective of the natural sciences. The specific perspective that he advocated has been both influential and controversial. Many psychologists and laypeople criticize what they believe to be Skinner’s position, but in fact they are objecting to views that he never held. Others, of course, actually understand behavior analysis and are opposed to it, usually on philosophical grounds. Table 1-1 summarizes what behavior analysis as developed by Skinner is and is not; the balance of this section justifies the contents of the table.
When he died in 1990, Skinner was the most well known psychologist ever to live. Shortly before he died, the American Psychological Association (APA) awarded him its lifetime achievement award, the only such award ever given. It is ironic that at the ceremony where Skinner received the APA’s Lifetime Achievement Award, he lamented that psychology still had not become a natural science and that many psychologists continued to try to explain behavior by referring to cognitive or mental events, not the real causes of behavior. For Skinner, those causes were genetic, physiological, and environmental variables.
Although Skinner recognized that genetic and physiological variables play a role in controlling how an organism responds in a given situation, his own research and theorizing focused on the relation between environmental events and behavior. He focused on environmental events because:
1. Environmental variables clearly influence behavior.
2. Environmental variables are directly observable and can be studied with the technology available.

Table 1-1. Characteristics of Behavior Analysis

Behavior Analysis Is: A natural science that emphasizes the effects of environmental variables on behavior. Concerned with behavior in its own right, not as an indication of events at another level of analysis. A proven and practical approach to dealing with a wide variety of behavioral problems.
Behavior Analysis Is Not: Stimulus-Response psychology. Unconcerned with mental events (thoughts, feelings, etc.), genotype, and physiology. Simple common sense. Dead.
3. Environmental variables that affect behavior often are subject to direct manipulation; if they are manipulated appropriately, desired behaviors can be fostered.
Prior to Skinner’s work, the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (e.g., 1927) had provided clear laboratory evidence of the importance of environmental variables in controlling behavior. Pavlov was interested in digestion, and his early work involved presenting various stimuli (e.g., dilute acid, food) to dogs and measuring the amount of saliva produced in response to them. Some stimuli, food in particular, reliably elicited salivation, so long as the dogs were hungry. Pavlov noticed that salivation was also produced by stimuli that reliably preceded food delivery, such as the sound of his footsteps or the laboratory light being turned on. Initially, Pavlov called salivation controlled by such stimuli psychic reflexes, or psychical secretions, but he soon labeled them as conditioned (or conditional) reflexes. Stimuli that automatically elicited salivation, such as food, were called unconditional stimuli and the salivation that they elicited was called an unconditional response. Conditional stimuli acquired the capacity to elicit salivation by reliably preceding unconditional stimuli in a process variously (and synonymously) termed respondent, classical, or Pavlovian conditioning. The salivation that they elicited was termed a conditional response. Pavlov spent most of his life exploring classical conditioning. In doing so, he rapidly recognized the futility of trying to explain the process in terms of mentalistic or subjective events