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The intestinal microbiome is especially important during the first thousand days of life. Exposure to microbes in utero significantly impacts fetal development, in part through epigenetic processes and in part through hormonal influences which cause a change in the mother's intestinal microbiome. The nature of delivery and perinatal antibiotic treatment, as well as diet (especially in the postpartum period), can also influence initial microbial colonization and the development of appropriate intestinal defense mechanisms. These, in turn, can affect the expression of allergy, autoimmune disease, and brain function, among other things, later in life. The first part of this publication focuses on the development of the human microbiome in utero and the importance of normal colonization of the newborn gut in immune development and disease prevention. The second section deals with the normal development of gut microbiota and with clinical conditions associated with dysbiosis. The final chapters cover various aspects of human milk evolution and oligosaccharides.

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Publié par	S. Karger AG
Date de parution	27 mars 2017
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9783318060317
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

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Intestinal Microbiome: Functional Aspects in Health and Disease
Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Vol. 88
Intestinal Microbiome: Functional Aspects in Health and Disease
Editors
Erika Isolauri Turku
Philip M.Sherman Toronto, ON
W.Allan Walker Charlestown, MA
Nestec Ltd., 55 Avenue Nestlé, CH-1800 Vevey (Switzerland) S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Nestlé Nutrition Workshop (88th: 2016: Playa del Carmen, Mexico), author. | Isolauri, Erika, editor. | Sherman, Philip M., editor. | Walker, W.Allan, editor.
Title: Intestinal microbiome: functional aspects in health and disease/editors, Erika Isolauri, Philip M. Sherman, W. Allan Walker.
Description: Basel; New York: Karger, [2017] | Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute workshop series, ISSN 1664-2147; vol. 88 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017010377| ISBN 9783318060300 (hard cover: alk. paper) | ISBN 9783318060317 (electronic version)
Subjects: | MESH: Gastrointestinal Microbiome--physiology | Fetal Development | Infant | Intestines-microbiology | Congresses
Classification: LCC RC816 | NLM WI 102 | DDC 616.3/3-dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017010377

The material contained in this volume was submitted as previously unpublished material, except in the instances in which credit has been given to the source from which some of the illustrative material was derived.
Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of the information contained in the volume. However, neither Nestec Ltd. nor S. Karger AG can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of the information contained herein.
© 2017 Nestec Ltd., Vevey (Switzerland) and S. Karger AG, Basel (Switzerland). All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.
Printed on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706)
ISBN 978-3-318-06030-0
e-ISBN 978-3-318-06031-7
ISSN 1664-2147
e-ISSN 1664-2155
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Contributors
Evolution of Human Microbiota
The Pregnancy Microbiome
Neuman, H.; Koren, O. (Israel)
Microbial Composition of the Initial Colonization of Newborns
Rautava, S. (Finland)
Bacterial Colonization of the Newborn Gut, Immune Development, and Prevention of Disease
Walker, W.A (USA)
Epigenetics in Gastrointestinal Health and Disease: Spotlight on DNA Methylation in the Intestinal Epithelium
Zilbauer,M.;Kraiczy,J. (UK)
Gut-Brain Axis and Behavior
Martin, C.R.; Mayer, E.A. (USA)
Summary of Evolution of Human Microbiota
Walker, W.A. (USA)
Normal Development of Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis
Dysbiosis in the Neonatal Period: Role of Cesarean Section
Neu,J. (USA)
Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure, Gut Microbiota Development, and Predisposition to Obesity
Azad, M.B. (Canada); Moossavi, S. (Canada/Iran); Owora, A. (Canada/USA); Sepehri, S. (Canada)
Microbiota and Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Patole, S. (Australia)
Microbiota and Obesity
Isolauri, E. (Finland)
Microbiota in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infancy: Implications for Management
Abrahamsson, T.R. (Sweden); Wu, R.Y.; Sherman, P.M. (Canada)
Diet and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease
Shen,T.-C.D. (USA)
Summary of Normal Development of Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis
Isolauri, E. (Finland)
Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Enzymes in Human Milk
Dallas, D.C.; German, J.B. (USA)
Compositional Analysis and Metabolism of Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Infants
Kunz, C.; Rudloff, S. (Germany)
Differential Establishment of Bifidobacteria in the Breastfed Infant Gut
Lewis, Z.T.; Mills, D.A. (USA)
Regulatory Aspects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Salminen, S. (Finland)
Summary on Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Sherman, P.M. (Canada)
Subject Index

For more information on related publications, please consult the NNI website: www.nestlenutrition-institute.org
Preface
Over the last decade, major attention in clinical research has been focused on the importance of the intestinal microbiome in health and disease. This is of particular importance during the first thousand days of life (from conception until 2 years of age) when the newborn infant has to adjust to the extrauterine environment. It is now apparent that exposure to microbes in utero represents an important initial impact on fetal development, in part through epigenetic processes. The nature of the pregnant mother's health impacts on the fetus through microbiota in the maternal gut entering the blood stream and traversing through the placenta to access the amniotic fluid.
The mother's intestinal microbiome changes during pregnancy, particularly during the third trimester, principally under hormonal influences. This also has an impact on fetal microbial exposure. The nature of delivery (cesarean section vs. vaginal delivery) and perinatal antibiotic treatment can influence initial microbial colonization and the development of appropriate intestinal defense mechanisms which, in turn, can affect the expression of disease (e.g., allergy, autoimmune disease, and brain function) later in life. Current research is underway to determine whether the microbiota or metabolic changes are primary, causative factors in the complex interrelationships.
As mentioned, modification of the intrauterine environment can affect fetal development. We now know that microbes and their metabolites can influence fetal development by epigenetic mechanisms. The nature of initial colonization influences newborn infants at a time when the newborn is developing defenses. Appropriate colonization is associated with healthy immune defense mechanisms, whereas inappropriate colonization (dysbiosis) can result in immunemediated disease in later life. Diseases associated with dysbiosis at birth include necrotizing enterocolitis, obesity, allergy, functional bowel disorders, and impaired mental health.
An important environmental factor influencing the nature of colonization is diet. At no time in life is diet more important than during the colonization that is part of the postpartum period. Exclusive breast feeding for 4-6 months in conjunction with full-term vaginal delivery without antibiotics is the ideal setting for normal initial bacterial colonization and appropriate development of host defenses. Oligosaccharides contained in human breast milk (nondigestible complex carbohydrates) have a profound effect on intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. These major constituents of breast milk provide nutrition for the stimulation of health by promoting bacteria and release of short-chain fatty acids as well as other metabolites which can influence immune function towards immune homeostasis, including the development of tolerance to innocuous antigens and commensal bacteria. These complex carbohydrates can also interact with pathogenic bacteria and viruses within the intestine to prevent disease and have a direct impact on enterocyte and lymphocyte responses to microbial invasion. In this Nestlé Workshop, the importance of microbiota in the setting of both health and disease has been addressed.
Erika Isolauri Philip M. Sherman W. Allan Walker
Foreword
The importance and role of gut microbiota in human health and disease are topics attracting research interest and attention in clinical practice during the last decades. A large number of bacteria and microbes invade the infant's gut during the first days and weeks of their life. Neonatal gut microbiota establishment represents a crucial stage in gut maturation and metabolic and immunologic programming, and, consequently, affects the short- and long-term health status.
The 88th Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop entitled "Intestinal Microbiome: Functional Aspects in Health and Disease" was held in Playa del Carmen (Mexico) on September 22-25, 2016.
We have chosen an incredible international faculty led by distinguished Chairmen: Prof. W. Allan Walker (Conrad Taff Professor of Nutrition and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, USA); Prof. Erika Isolauri (Head of the Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Finland); and Prof. Philip M. Sherman (Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada).
The first session on the Evolution of human microbiota, chaired by Prof. W. Allan Walker, was focused on the development of the human microbiome and the importance of normal colonization of the newborn gut in immune development and disease prevention. The speakers have presented available scientific data supporting a role of microbial changes during pregnancy and infancy for a healthy start in life. Special focus was given to existing evidence of environmental factors (e.g. diet, nutrition, and infections) on human health and epigenetic mechanisms which could provide a plausible framework for the development of many multifactorial diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. The session has also illuminated a crucial role of the gut microbiota in bidirectional brain-gut interactions and the potential role of the brain-gut axis in influencing health and behavior.
The second session with Prof. Erika Isolauri demonstrated a link between basic research and science and its clinical implications. The expert