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S. Karger AG - Philip Boyce , Mark Haddad

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Open access - no commercial reuse

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Psychiatry

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Publié par	S. Karger AG
Date de parution	14 avril 2023
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9783318072099
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

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Fast Facts: Depression
First published 2003; second edition 2005; third edition 2011; fourth edition 2017
Fifth edition 2023
Text 2023 Mark Haddad, Philip Boyce
2023 in this edition S. Karger Publishers Ltd
S. Karger Publishers Ltd, Merchant House, 5 East St. Helen Street, Abingdon, Oxford OX14 5EG, UK
Book orders can be placed by telephone or email, or via the website.
Please telephone +41 61 306 1440 or email orders@karger.com
To order via the website, please go to karger.com
Fast Facts is a trademark of S. Karger Publishers Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the express permission of the publisher.
The rights of Mark Haddad and Philip Boyce to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs Patents Act 1988 Sections 77 and 78.
The publisher and the authors have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of this book, but cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions.
For all drugs, please consult the product labeling approved in your country for prescribing information.
Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-3-318-07148-1
Haddad M (Mark)
Fast Facts: Depression/
Mark Haddad, Philip Boyce
Typesetting by Amnet, Chennai, India. Printed in the UK with Xpedient Print.
Contents
List of abbreviations
Introduction
Overview
Definitions and diagnosis
Epidemiology and impact
Identification in clinical practice and prevention
Management
Women and depression
Combination with physical health problems
Self-harm and suicide
Useful resources
Index
List of abbreviations
BA: behavioral activation
CBT: cognitive behavioral therapy
CHD: coronary heart disease
CNS: central nervous system
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019
DALY: disability-adjusted life-year
DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition
ECT: electroconvulsive therapy
EU: European Union
GBD: Global Burden of Disease (project)
GI: gastrointestinal
HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
HCP: healthcare professional
ICD-11: International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th revision
IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy
MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitor
MBCT: mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
MIDAS: Medication, Increase Dose, Augmentation, Switch
NARI: noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor
NaSSa: noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant
NCS-R: National Comorbidity Survey Replication
NHS: National Health Service
NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PHQ-9: (nine-item) patient health questionnaire
PMDD: premenstrual dysphoric disorder
PNAS: poor neonatal adaptation syndrome
PST: problem-solving therapy
PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder
RCT: randomized controlled trial
SAD: seasonal affective disorder
SDI: sociodemographic index
SGA: second-generation antipsychotic
SNRI: serotonin-norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor
SSRI: selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor
STPP: short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy
TCA: tricyclic antidepressant
WHO: World Health Organization
WMH: World Mental Health
YLD: years lived with disability
Introduction

I don t want to see anyone. I lie in the bedroom with the curtains drawn and nothingness washing over me like a sluggish wave. Whatever is happening to me is my own fault. I have done something wrong, something so huge I can t even see it, something that s drowning me. I am inadequate and stupid, without worth. I might as well be dead.
Margaret Atwood, Cat s Eye , 1988
Depression is both an overused term and, too often, a poorly managed condition. We have written this short text to help explain depression: its symptoms, causes, and risks; its impact; and how it can be identified, treated, and prevented.
Depression is one of the commonest presenting problems in primary care, but all too often it is not identified and goes untreated. Yet, individuals who seek help for their depression - and whose healthcare professionals (HCPs) recognize it - can be treated effectively. For this to happen, HCPs need appropriate knowledge and skills, based on robust and up-to-date evidence, and to be supported by appropriate systems for service delivery.
We have gone some way towards destigmatizing depression in recent years, helped by influential people who have been willing to share their own experiences of the condition. These initiatives have contributed to rising rates of antidepressant use and greater availability and uptake of psychological therapies. So, why has there been no discernible decrease in the prevalence of depression? Perhaps, because many people with depression still do not seek or receive appropriate help, inadequate resources are devoted to prevention, and the wrong people are being treated; distress is often labeled as depression, such that the normal human emotion of sadness has become medicalized or pathologized. We explore these issues in this book, emphasizing the importance of making the correct diagnosis and differentiating normal unhappiness from clinical depression, so that treatment is not used inappropriately.
This fifth edition of Fast Facts: Depression uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), diagnostic criteria and the latest recommendations from research reviews and clinical practice guidelines, and includes new sections on the relationships between global events, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and mental health. It provides practical guidance on the assessment and management of depression from biopsychosocial and lifestyle perspectives, at both individual and organizational levels. It will help busy HCPs working in a range of settings to distinguish depression from ordinary sadness and to provide appropriate evidence-based interventions.
1 Overview
Depression is the most unpleasant thing I have ever experienced It is that absence of being able to envisage that you will ever be cheerful again. The absence of hope. That very deadened feeling, which is so very different from feeling sad. Sad hurts but it s a healthy feeling. It is a necessary thing to feel. Depression is very different.
JK Rowling, 2000 ( Times interview)
Etymology and history
The word depression derives (via French) from the Late Latin deprimere , which means to press or push down; it has many different meanings that are connected by this sense of a lower or downward inclination. Its use in the fields of geology, economics, medicine, meteorology, and psychology share this meaning of a reduced function, downturn, and sunken or lower level.
A distinct condition characterized by a dejected mood has been evident in writings since antiquity, with key features alluded to in the Christian Bible (for example, Psalms 32, 38, 143; 1 Kings 19, 1-5; Job 17) and the Quran (for example, 12:84; 18:6; 28:10), and a long tradition systematized in the medical writings of Hippocrates and Galen, who theorized about bodily fluids called humors, the imbalance of which was seen as being responsible for disease ( Figure 1.1 ). A tendency toward melancholy was understood to be related to an excess of the humor associated with coldness and dryness, black bile; indeed, the term melancholia is derived from the Greek word for black bile . 1 Grief and fear were regarded as both characteristic features and provoking influences for melancholia, and this concept encompassed both depression and anxiety, which were not considered or classified as separate conditions until the mid-19th century. 2 , 3
Use of the term depression to describe low mood and a depression of the spirits gradually entered usage from the 18th century. The humoral theories persisted as the dominant explanation of mood (and other) disorders until the 19th century, when use of the term depression in medical works became increasingly common, and an emphasis on its features and the categorization of symptoms enabled the construction of the modern disorder of depression. 4 , 5

Figure 1.1 The four humors: a theory from antiquity to explain the balance between temperament, disease, and the natural world.
The last century has been characterized by an interplay of multiple and often competing perspectives on depression, concerning the role of environmental and intrapsychic factors, the relative importance of biological and psychological mechanisms, and the relevance of collective social and economic forces in contrast to a focus on the individual. The view that depression is largely a medicalization of normal sadness has been strongly voiced in both popular and academic texts, and considerable impetus to this critique of clinical practice has been derived from massive increases in the prescribing of antidepressant drugs in the USA, UK, and elsewhere over the past three decades. 6 , 7 On the other hand, our understanding of the physiological changes and genetic markers associated with depression is rapidly advancing, with increasingly sophisticated research techniques providing a clearer picture of abnormalities of brain function associated with depression and the ways that gene-environment interactions may give rise to disturbances in thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. 8
Debates and controversies about the meaning, origins, and best ways of managing depression are by no means over; however, the past decade has seen major developments in the integration of viewpoints and a particular focus on the pragmatics o