Bovine Respiratory Disease, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice , livre ebook

Saunders - Victoria L. Cooper , Bruce W. Brodersen

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262 pages

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A comprehensive review of bovine respiratory disease for the food animal practitioner! Topics will include control methods for bovine respiratory disease for cow-calf, stocker and feedlot cattle, metaphylaxis, pathology, immunology, mycoplasma, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine respiratory coronavirus, bacteriology of bovine respiratory disease, atypical interstitial pneumonia, diagnostics for bovine respiratory disease, and much more!

Sujets

Médecine

Medical

Veterinary Medicine

Food Animal

Informations

Publié par	Saunders
Date de parution	02 août 2010
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781455700783
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	2 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,5600€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice , Vol. 26, No. 2, July 2010
ISSN: 0749-0720
doi: 10.1016/S0749-0720(10)00022-8

Contributors
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice
Bovine Respiratory Disease
Vickie L. Cooper
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Bruce W. Brodersen
Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, 1900 North 42nd Street, Lincoln, NE 68506-0907, USA
ISSN 0749-0720
Volume 26 • Number 2 • July 2010

Contents
Cover
Contributors
Forthcoming Issues
Preface
Pathogenesis and Pathology of Bovine Pneumonia
Innate Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Prevention of Respiratory Disease in Cow/Calf Operations
Control, Management, and Prevention of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Dairy Calves and Cows
Control Methods for Bovine Respiratory Disease in Stocker Cattle
Control Methods for Bovine Respiratory Disease for Feedlot Cattle
Metaphylactic Antimicrobial Therapy for Bovine Respiratory Disease in Stocker and Feedlot Cattle
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 (BHV-1) is an Important Cofactor in the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
The Contribution of Infections with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viruses to Bovine Respiratory Disease
Bovine Respiratory Coronavirus
Mycoplasma bovis in Respiratory Disease of Feedlot Cattle
Bacterial Pathogens of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
Bovine Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
Respiratory Disease Diagnostics of Cattle
Index
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice , Vol. 26, No. 2, July 2010
ISSN: 0749-0720
doi: 10.1016/S0749-0720(10)00024-1

Forthcoming Issues
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice , Vol. 26, No. 2, July 2010
ISSN: 0749-0720
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.011

Preface
Bovine Respiratory Disease

Vickie L. Cooper, DVM, MS, PhD
Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University 1600 South 16th Street Ames, IA 50011, USA
E-mail address: vcooper@iastate.edu
E-mail address: bbrodersen1@unl.edu

Bruce W. Brodersen, DVM, MS, PhD ,
Veterinary Diagnostic Center School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Nebraska—Lincoln 1900 North 42nd Street Lincoln, NE 68506-0907, USA
E-mail address: vcooper@iastate.edu
E-mail address: bbrodersen1@unl.edu

Vickie L. Cooper, DVM, MS, PhD, Guest Editors

Bruce W. Brodersen, DVM, MS, PhD, Guest Editors
The cattle industry today faces many of the same challenges they have over the past several decades. Fortunately, disease emergence has been relatively static other than recognition of new strains of old viruses. The industry may seemingly be unchanged, but in reality, many new challenges have arisen in terms of environmental issues and continued awareness of biosecurity issues in cattle management. It has been 13 years since the last update on respiratory disease in Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice was published. Disease detection relative to respiratory disease has improved greatly. Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has taken quantum leaps forward with the advent of immunohistochemistry and application of molecular biology technologies toward testing for cattle persistently infected with BVDV. In some situations, this has reduced the incidence of respiratory disease and has paid premiums to producers. Similarly, tests to detect other diseases have improved. Improvement in identification of disease will help producers respond to disease outbreaks in a more timely fashion. It is our hope this issue will update readers on contributing factors and management of the bovine respiratory disease complex.
We would like to thank each of the authors for contributing their articles to this issue. Without them, this would not have been possible. We would also like to thank John Vassallo, Editor at the Saunders/Elsevier Company, for his patience and guidance with this issue. Our coworkers have been supportive through this endeavor and we thank them for their support. Lastly, we would like to thank our families for their love and support.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice , Vol. 26, No. 2, July 2010
ISSN: 0749-0720
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.001

Pathogenesis and Pathology of Bovine Pneumonia

Roger J. Panciera, DVM, PhD a , Anthony W. Confer, DVM, PhD b , *
a Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, 212 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
b Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, 224 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: anthony.confer@okstate.edu

Abstract
Pneumonia is a major cause of death and economic losses to the cattle industry. Recognizing the patterns of pneumonic lesions and understanding the pathogenesis of the various types of pneumonia are important for correct diagnosis and interpretation of the lesions. Bacterial pneumonias consist of bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, and pleuropneumonia as well as caseonecrotic, aspiration, and tuberculous pneumonias. Two major patterns of interstitial pneumonia are recognized in cattle, and verminous pneumonia is associated with Dictyocaulus viviparus infection.

Keywords
• Bronchopneumonia • Fibrinous pneumonia • Pleuropneumonia • Aspiration pneumonia • Caseonecrotic pneumonia • Interstitial pneumonia • Embolic pneumonia • Verminous pneumoniae
Despite availability and use of many bovine respiratory pathogen vaccines and new antimicrobial drugs as well as greater understanding of the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), pneumonia, ranging from subclinical to fatal, remains a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss to the beef and dairy cattle industries. 1, 2 When cattle are subjected to stresses, such as weaning, shipment, and commingling with animals from other sources, transmission of various infectious agents and proliferation of endogenous—yet potentially pathogenic—microbes occur often, resulting in damage to the respiratory tract with subsequent upper or lower respiratory disease. 3 Most fatal forms of BRD and often the outcome of this stress/infectious agent scenario are severe bacterial (including mycoplasmal) pneumonias. In addition, other forms of severe respiratory disease and pneumonia, such as acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP), exist whose pathogenesis are less well established. Finally, incidental and less frequent causes of bovine pneumonia include embolic, verminous, and aspiration pneumonias.
This article focuses on pathogenesis and pathologic characteristics of selected types of bovine pneumonia with emphasis on gross pathologic changes. Readers are referred to several recent articles and textbooks for more complete histopathologic descriptions. 3 - 5 Emphasis is on bacterial and AIP, major causes of losses primarily in feedlot and stocker cattle. Bacterial pneumonia usually occurs within the first 6 to 10 days after stress, such as shipping or commingling, with interstitial pneumonias often occurring 70 or more days later. 6 Bacterial pneumonia is second to diarrheal disease as a cause of illness and losses in dairy calves. In addition, several of the minor pneumonias of cattle are discussed on a lesion recognition and differential diagnosis basis.

Bovine bacterial pneumonia
The role of bovine respiratory viruses in precipitating severe BRD and bacterial pneumonias has long been known. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus); parainfluenza virus-3 (PI-3); and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) are recognized as primary respiratory pathogens. 5, 7 During the past 25 years, the roles of other viruses have been speculated on and investigated; several, including bovine rhinoviruses and adenoviruses, have been dismissed as minimal pathogens at best and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been recognized as a major pathogenic partner in BRD. 8 A pathogenic role for bovine respiratory coronavirus has been postulated, but if such a role exists, it is still under investigation. 9 BHV-1, PI-3, BRSV, and BVDV can cause some degree of acute respiratory disease. BHV-1 is well recognized as a cause of severe upper respiratory lesions, ranging from hemorrhage to diphtheritic membranes. 4 With the exception of certain instances of BRSV, fatality is usually not associated with those infections alone. Instead, their roles are primarily to assist in establishing a respiratory environment that is favorable to colonization and replication by several pathogenic bacteria resulting in pneumonia. 10 - 14 This is done through two major mechanisms. The first is by alteration in mucosal surfaces such that adhesion of bacteria to virus-infected cells is enhanced; further colonization occurs more readily in areas of virus-induced mucosal erosion than in intact mucosa. 15 - 17 The second is modification of the innate and adaptive immune systems through altered alveolar macrophage function, suppression of lymphocyte proliferation and induced apoptosis, and modified cytokine and other inflammatory mediator release. 17
In an overview of the pathogenesis of pneumonia in feedlot cattle in a 1983 symposium on BRD, Thomson 18 described only Mannheimia haemolytica (formerly Pasteurella haemolytica ) and Pasteurella multocida as bacterial pathogens in the BRD complex. Since that time, Histophilus somni (formerly Haemophilus somnus ), Arcanobacterium pyogenes , Mycoplasma bovis , and, most recently, Bibersteinia trehalosi (formerly Pasteurella trehalosi ) have also been recognized as additional bacterial agents associated with severe bovine bacterial pneumonia ( Table 1 ). 19, 20 These bacteria are ubiquitous in the cattle population as nor