Antituberculosis Chemotherapy , livre ebook

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411 pages

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Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major infectious diseases of mankind although drugs for its treatment have been available for nearly 60 years. The standard short-course 6-month regimen used since about 1980 has helped to save millions of lives, but co-infection with HIV has had a devastating effect on the epidemic, and multidrug-resistant TB is a growing problem, particularly in communities with a high incidence of HIV. Following the declaration by the WHO in the early 1990s that TB was a ‘global health emergency’, interest in TB research and the development of new drugs has increased significantly.This volume reviews anti-TB chemotherapy with the emphasis on the actions and pharmacology of existing drugs and the development and evaluation of new agents. A close look is taken at new research regarding our existing drugs by some of the best-known specialists in the field, and historical aspects of these agents are reviewed from a modern perspective. The prospects for the introduction of new drugs and different approaches of how to assess them in adults and in children are discussed in detail. Several papers address the problems associated with drug resistance, its spread and diagnosis.Compiled by two editors from Cape Town, which has a particularly high incidence of TB and is a centre of tuberculosis research, this publication is an indispensable reference for anyone involved in the management of TB either as a researcher, clinician or administrator, and those working in drug development.

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Publié par	S. Karger AG
Date de parution	07 septembre 2011
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9783805596282
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0552€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Antituberculosis Chemotherapy
Progress in Respiratory Research
Vol. 40
Series Editor
Chris T. Bolliger    Cape Town

Antituberculosis Chemotherapy
Volume Editors
Peter R. Donald     Tygerberg
Paul D. van Helden     Tygerberg
53 figures, 2 in color, 50 tables, 2011
Prof. Dr. Peter R. Donald Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Centre Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Faculty of Health Sciences Stellenbosch University PO Box 19063 Tygerberg 7505 (South Africa)
Prof. Dr. Paul D. van Helden Director DST/NRF Centre for Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research MRC Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences Stellenbosch University PO Box 19063 Tygerberg 7505 (South Africa)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents®.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2011 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Reinhardt Druck, Basel
ISSN 1422–2140
ISBN 978–3–8055–9627–5
e-ISBN 978–3–8055–9628–2

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Retrospectoscope
_______________
Chapter 1 History of Drug Discovery: Early Evaluation Studies and Lessons Learnt from Them
Ahmad, Z. (Baltimore, Md./Srinagar); Makaya, N.H.; Grosset, J. (Baltimore, Md.)
Chapter 2 Tuberculosis Treatment Trials Past and Present: Old and New Challenges
Nunn, A. (London)
Present Treatment
_______________
Chapter 3 The Rifamycins: Renewed Interest in an Old Drug Class
Burman, W. (Denver, Colo.); Dooley, K.E.; Nuermberger, E.L. (Baltimore, Md.)
Chapter 4 Isoniazid Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy in Adults and Children
Donald, P.R.; Schaaf, H.S. (Tygerberg)
Chapter 5 Recent Developments in the Study of Pyrazinamide: An Update
Mitchison, D.A. (London); Zhang, Y. (Baltimore, Md.)
Chapter 6 Experience with Phase III Clinical Trials of Antituberculosis Drugs and Regimens: Conclusions and Lessons for the Future
Jindani, A. (London)
Chapter 7 Fluoroquinolones in the Management of Tuberculosis
Singh, K.P. (London); Gillespie, S.H. (St. Andrews)
Chapter 8 Current Standard Treatment
Vernon, A.A. (Atlanta, Ga.)
Chapter 9 Tuberculosis Recurrence: Exogenous or Endogenous?
Williams, M.; Müller, B.; Uys, P.; Victor, T.C.; Warren, R.M.; Gey van Pittius, N.C. (Tygerberg)
Chapter 10 Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs: Current Knowledge, Recent Research Findings and Controversies
Schaaf, H.S. (Tygerberg); Seddon, J.A. (Tygerberg/London); Caminero, J.A. (Las Palmas/Paris)
Chapter 11 Acquisition, Transmission and Amplification of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
Müller, B.; Warren, R.M.; Williams, M. (Tygerberg); Böttger, E.C. (Zürich); Gey van Pittius, N.C.; Victor, T.C. (Tygerberg)
Chapter 12 The Treatment of Tuberculosis in Children
Cruz, A.T.; Starke, J.R. (Houston, Tex.)
The Future
_______________
Chapter 13 Issues and Challenges in the Development of Novel Tuberculosis Drug Regimens
Erondu, N.; Ginsberg, A. (New York, N.Y.)
Chapter 14 Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Molecular Mechanisms and Laboratory Susceptibility Testing
Böttger, E.C. (Zürich)
Chapter 15 The Role of the Mouse Model in the Evaluation of New Antituberculosis Drugs
Nuermberger, E.L. (Baltimore, Md.)
Chapter 16 Current Issues in Tuberculosis Pharmacokinetics
Egelund, E.F.; Peloquin, C.A. (Gainesville, Fla.)
Chapter 17 Pharmacological Considerations of Antitubercular Agents in Children
Goldman, J.L.; Kearns, G.L.; Abdel-Rahman, S.M. (Kansas City, Mo.)
Chapter 18 Pharmacogenetics of Antituberculosis Drugs
Aarnoutse, R. (Nijmegen)
Chapter 19 Interactions between Antituberculosis and Antiretroviral Agents
McIlleron, H. (Cape Town); Khoo, S.H. (Liverpool)
Chapter 20 Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis Treatment
Ruslami, R. (Bandung); van Crevel, R. (Nijmegen)
Chapter 21 Early Bactericidal Activity of Antituberculosis Agents
Diacon, A.H.; Maritz, J.S.; Donald, P.R. (Cape Town)
Chapter 22 Assessment of Whole-Blood Bactericidal Activity in the Evaluation of New Antituberculosis Drugs
Wallis, R.S. (Groton, Conn.)
Chapter 23 Serial Sputum Colony Counting in Drug Development
Sloan, D.; Davies, G. (Liverpool)
Chapter 24 The Evaluation of New Antituberculosis Drugs in Children
McNeeley, D.F. (Arlington, Va.); Raoof, A. (Beerse); Lin, J. (Titusville, N.J.); Marais, B.J. (Tygerberg)
Chapter 25 A New Era in Tuberculosis Treatment: What Does the Future Hold?
Duncan, K. (Seattle, Wash.)
Author Index
Subject Index

Foreword
As series editor of Progress in Respiratory Research , it has always been my aim to cover the complete field of diseases of the chest which involve the lung. Up to now we have had many different topics but there has been one big gap concerning infectious diseases. Practising in Cape Town for more than a decade, I enjoy many fantastic aspects of the ‘mother city’ of South Africa, but sadly I am also acutely aware that Cape Town is also known as the ‘tuberculosis capital of the world’. Tuberculosis together with HIV is one of the top medical priorities of South Africa, but this is also true for many developing countries, a fact which is often ignored in first-world set-ups. In the modern, extremely mobile world, it is however of great importance to follow global trends in communicable diseases closely, as air travel can spread highly infectious agents quickly or change the approach to treatment drastically, as recently shown with the emergence of multidrug resistance or even extremely resistant tuberculous strains.
Luckily we have many leading researchers in the field of tuberculosis in South Africa, and the team at the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, is arguably one of the leading tuberculosis research set-ups on a global level. This is true for clinical as well as for basic science. It was therefore a logical choice for me to ask two eminent senior researchers from my own faculty to compile a volume for the ‘blue series’ on drug therapy of tuberculosis. Professors Peter Donald and Paul van Helden assembled some of the best-known specialists in the field and were instrumental to cover all aspects of modern antituberculous chemotherapy, as they explain in their preface following this foreword.
Once again the main people responsible at the publishing house S. Karger AG, Basel, were Linda Haas and Stefan Sessler, who helped processing the various chapters, but also reminded some authors of delayed submissions to speed up delivery. Their input greatly facilitated the volume editors’ and my task to come up with the finished product on time.
The final product is a must for all involved in the treatment of tuberculosis irrespective of whether one lives in highly industrialized or emerging countries: tuberculosis is of importance to all.
C.T. Bolliger , Cape Town

Preface
Drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis have been available for nearly 60 years, and yet tuberculosis remains one of the major infectious diseases of mankind causing immeasurable suffering and mortality, and placing an enormous financial burden on countries and individuals. Since approximately 1980, short-course 6-month treatment regimens based on the use of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide have been available and used extensively throughout the world to successfully treat millions of tuberculosis patients. Nonetheless, despite this long usage, it is clear t