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84 pages

English

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Imagine leaving everything you've ever known-your friends, family, and home-to travel along roads you've never seen before, getting help from people you've never met before, with the constant threat of capture hovering over your every move. Would you risk your life on the Underground Railroad to gain freedom from slavery?In The Underground Railroad: Navigate the Journey from Slavery to Freedom, readers ages 9 to 12 examine how slavery developed in the United States and what motivated abolitionists to work for its destruction. The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses operated by conductors and station masters, both black and white. Readers follow true stories of enslaved people who braved patrols, the wilderness, hunger, and their own fear in a quest for freedom.In The Underground Railroad, readers dissect primary sources, including slave narratives and runaway ads. Projects include composing a song with a hidden message and navigating by reading the nighttime sky. Amidst the countless tragedies that centuries of slavery brought to African Americans lie tales of hope, resistance, courage, sacrifice, and victory-truly an American story.

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USA

United States of America

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Publié par	Nomad Press
Date de parution	14 février 2017
Nombre de lectures	2
EAN13	9781619304888
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	5 Mo

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Copyright 2017 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved.
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CONTENTS
Timeline
Introduction A Historic Secret
Chapter 1 The Peculiar Institution
Chapter 2 Resistance
Chapter 3 Laying the Tracks
Chapter 4 Navigating the Freedom Trail
Chapter 5 Treacherous Travel
Chapter 6 Courageous Collaborators
Chapter 7 Freedom Found
Chapter 8 Beyond Freedom
Glossary Resources Essential Questions Index

Interested in Primary Sources?
Look for this icon. Use a smartphone or tablet app to scan the QR code and explore more! You can find a list of URLs on the Resources page. If the QR code doesn t work, try searching the Internet with the Keyword Prompts to find other helpful sources.
the Underground Railroad
TIMELINE

1442: The Portuguese bring 10 captives from Africa to Europe, beginning the transatlantic slave trade.
1619: The first African slaves arrive in the North American colonies.
1775: The first organization to aid fugitive slaves is formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
1777: Vermont is the first state to ban slavery.
1780: Pennsylvania becomes the first state to pass a gradual emancipation law.
1787: Slavery is protected within the United States Constitution.
1793: Congress passes the first federal Fugitive Slave Law, making it illegal to aid slaves fleeing from slavery.
1808: The international slave trade is outlawed, but this causes the American domestic slave trade to grow.
1816: The American Colonization Society is founded with the goal of resettling former slaves in either Africa or Latin America.
1822: John Rankin moves from Kentucky to Ripley, Ohio, and enlarges Underground Railroad operations already in existence there.
1826: Levi Coffin moves to Fountain City, Indiana, and establishes a station on the Underground Railroad that will become one of the most important in the nation.
1831: Nat Turner leads a slave revolt in Virginia during which 60 white people are massacred, leading to harsh reprisals against all black people.
1831: Editor William Lloyd Garrison calls for immediate emancipation in the first issue of The Liberator.
1833: England outlaws slavery in its colonies, including Canada.
1833: The American Anti-Slavery Society is formed in Philadelphia.
1835: The New York Committee of Vigilance is formed in Manhattan and becomes a model used by other Underground Railroad organizers.
1838: Eliza, the woman who is the model for a character in Uncle Tom s Cabin, escapes to freedom through the Underground Railroad in Ripley, Ohio.
1838: Frederick Bailey escapes from slavery in Maryland and changes his name to Frederick Douglass.
1845: Captain Jonathan Walker is arrested for aiding fugitive slaves in Florida and his hand is branded.
1849: Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery in Maryland.
1849: The Reverend William King founds a settlement for blacks in Buxton, Ontario.
1851: The Christiana Riot in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, prevents slave catchers from capturing fugitives and results in the death of slaveholder Edward Gorsuch.
1854: The Kansas-Nebraska Act is passed, allowing western territories to vote on whether they want to be free states or slave states. This leads to a mini civil war in Kansas.
1859: John Brown tries to launch a slave revolt at Harper s Ferry, Virginia, but is captured, tried, and executed.
1861: Eleven slave states secede from the United States, forming their own country called the Confederate States of America. This leads to the Civil War between the Confederacy of the South and the Union of the North, which lasts until 1865.
1865: The Civil War ends and the 13th Amendment to the Constitution is ratified, which abolishes slavery in the United States forever.
Can you keep a secret? What if it was a secret you could never tell because it was a matter of life and death? There was a secret in history that few people knew. Knowledge of this information was once so dangerous, so deadly, that only the strongest, bravest, and most reliable people could be trusted as secret keepers. Could you carry that kind of burden?
For more than two centuries in the United States, slavery was the law of the land. People could be bought and sold the way someone today might buy a house or a car or a cow. They were forced to work under brutal conditions for long hours and no pay. Who were these people? They were Africans who had been kidnapped from their homeland, transported to America, and sold on the auction block.
Decade after decade, slavery grew in the United States. By 1860, there were 4 million African Americans living in bondage in the United States.
WORDS TO KNOW

auction: a public sale of property to the highest bidder.
auction block: the platform from which an auctioneer sells goods to a crowd of buyers.
bondage: another word for slavery.
enslave: to make someone a slave.
fugitive: someone who runs away to avoid being captured.
abolitionist: someone who believed that slavery should be abolished, or ended.
abolish: to completely do away with something.
Underground Railroad: a system of cooperation among people who believed slavery was wrong that secretly helped fugitive slaves reach the Northern states and Canada.
Deep South: a region of the Southeastern United States that includes the states of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
legend: a story from the past that cannot be proved true.
network: a group of people who work together for a common cause.
Slaves had no rights. They could not go to school. Their owners could legally beat them for any reason or for no reason at all. Worst of all, families were often separated when fathers, mothers, or children were sold off, never to be seen again.
For many years, American society resisted granting slaves their freedom. During this time, some enslaved people ran away from their owners. Many of these fugitives were caught and returned to their owners and severely punished. However, some escaped and reached a free land. This is the secret part.
THE BEST-KEPT SEC RET OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
A small group of free people called abolitionists hated slavery almost as much as the slaves did. They wanted to abolish slavery. Until that could happen, they created a crafty system called the Underground Railroad to help slaves escape. What the railroad was, how it worked, and who operated it was the best-kept secret of the nineteenth century.
When you read the phrase Underground Railroad , what do you imagine? Dark tunnels deep in the center of the earth? A train careening at top speed, its headlight illuminating the rocky belly of a mountain? Haunted faces peering out train windows?

DID YOU KNOW?
Historians believe that about 100,000 people escaped from slavery on the Underground Railroad.
That is a dramatic picture, but it s also a false one. The Underground Railroad was not underground and it was not a train. It was a process. Slaves ran away from their owners, most by fleeing north to free states or to Canada.
Free people, both black and white, helped the runaways by guiding them, hiding them, transporting them, and sometimes fighting for them. Because it was against the law to aid fugitives, sheriffs and slave catchers prowled back roads and city streets searching for runaways. Slaves who were caught were physically punished and brought back to the Deep South . Their helpers could be heavily fined and imprisoned.
To guard against this fate, the Underground Railroad was a tightly held secret.
Because the Underground Railroad was kept under wraps for so many years, rumors about the organization arose. People filled in missing facts with their imaginations. This was how the Underground Railroad was transformed from history to story.

Origin of the Name
How the Underground Railroad got its name remains a mystery, but legend suggests one origin. In 1831, a slave named Tice Davids swam across the Ohio River, vanishing on the other side. His owner told friends that Davids had disappeared on an underground road. Historians cannot verify this account, but one fact is certain. By the 1840s, the term Underground Railroad was used by people across the country to refer to the escape network .

Some people think of Harriet Tubman single-handedly leading hundreds of slaves to safety or courageous white conductors shepherding exhausted slaves from the Deep South all the way to Canada. Maybe they picture fugitives concealed in elaborate tunnels or slave quilts hanging from porch posts with hidden messages sewn into their patterns. Grains of truth are embedded in these legends, but much of what people believe about the Underground Railroad is not accurate or complete.
WORDS TO KNOW

embed: to put something firmly inside of something else.
resistance: a fight to prevent something from happening.
navigate: to find a way to get to a place when you are traveling.
In this book, you will glimpse what life was like for enslaved people and how they fought the system that shackled them.
You will meet a few brave people and learn how their individual acts of courage evolved into the greatest campaign of resistance the nation has ever seen. You will trail fugitives as they navigate the wilderness to freedom-the final stop on the Underground Railroad.
Throughout the