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The Lake Huron area of the Upper Great Lakes region, an area spreading across vast parts of the United States and Canada, has been inhabited by the Anishnaabeg for millennia. Since their first contact with Europeans around 1600, the Anishnaabeg have interacted with—and struggled against—changing and shifting European empires and the emerging nation-states that have replaced them. Through their cultural strength, diplomatic acumen, and a remarkable knack for adapting to change, the Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands have reemerged in the twenty-first century as a strong and vital people, fully in charge of their destiny.

Winner of the North American Indian Prose Award, this first comprehensive cross-border history of the Anishnaabeg provides an engaging account of four hundred years of their life in the Lake Huron area, showing how their history has been shaped and influenced by European contact and trade. Three Fires Unity examines how shifting European politics and, later, the imposition of the Canada–United States border running through their homeland continue to affect them today. In looking at the cultural, social, and political aspects of this borderland contact, Phil Bellfy sheds light on how the Anishnaabeg were able to survive and even thrive over the centuries in this intensely contested region.

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États-Unis

Canada

History of the Americas

North America

Indigenous peoples

América del Norte

USA

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Publié par	Nebraska
Date de parution	01 mai 2011
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9780803238299
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	5 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0850€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Three Fires Unity

Winner of theNorth American Indian Prose Award               Gerald Vizenor, chair University of California at Berkeley Diane Glancy Macalester College A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff University of Illinois at Chicago

Three Fires Unity The Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron Borderlands

         

                               

©by Phil Bellfy

Portions of this manuscript originally appeared in Lines Drawn upon the Water: First Nations and the Great Lakes Borders and Borderlands, edited by Karl S. Hele (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press,),–.

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Bellfy, Phil. Three Fires unity: the Anishnaabeg of the Lake Huron borderlands / Phil Bellfy. p. cm. “Winner of theNorth American Indian Prose Award.” “Portions of this manuscript originally appeared in Lines drawn upon the water: First Nations and the Great Lakes borders and borderlands, edited by Karl S. Hele (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press,)”—T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index.  ----(cloth: alk. paper)  ----(paper: alk. paper) 1. Ojibwa Indians—Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)—History. 2. Ottawa Indians—Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)—History. 3. Potawatomi Indians—Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)— History. 4. Ojibwa Indians—Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)—Social conditions. 5. Ottawa Indians—Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)— Social conditions. 6. Potawatomi Indians—Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)—Social conditions. 7. Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)—History. 8. Huron, Lake, Region (Mich. and Ont.)—Ethnic relations. I. Title. .  .'—dc2010046306

Set in Dante MT.

To the memory of Apiish Kaakoke, White Raven, my Seventh Father

Contents

List of Illustrations Prefaceix Acknowledgments Introductionxv

viii

xiii

. A Historical Accounting of the Anishnaabeg People . The French Period: Thes to . The British Period:to . The United States and the Division of the Anishnaabeg Homeland . Anishnaabeg TreatyMaking and the Removal Period . TwentyFirstCentury Conditions, and Conclusion

Appendix Notes Bibliography Index

Illustrations

Maps . Contemporary Native Communities (United States and Canada)xxvii . The Lake Huron Borderlands Areaxxix . The Northern Water Route to the St. Lawrence Riverxxx . Upper Lake Huron and St. Mary’s River Islandsxxxii . Tribe Locations at Time of Contact . Native Settlement Patterns in the Mids . Proposed Indian Buffer State . Disputed Boundary in St. Mary’s River . Lake Huron Borderlands Land Cessions . Lake Huron Borderlands in Modern Context

Tables . Native People Receiving Presents at Amherstburg, . Native People Receiving Presents at Manitowaning, August, . Native People Receiving Presents at Walpole Island, . Anishnaabeg–Canadian–U.S. Treaty Signers . Other Anishnaabeg–Canadian–U.S. Treaty Connections . Chronological Listing of Anishnaabeg TreatySignings

Figure . An Anishnaabeg Migration Record

xxxvi

Preface

From the swirling waters of the rapids at Sault Ste. Marie to the St. Clair River delta that gives rise to Walpole Island, the Lake Huron borderlands are a treasure trove of history and culture. Native people have lived in this area since the glacial waters subsided and the Great Lakes took on their present conﬁgura tion — about twentyﬁve hundred years ago. The rich ﬁsheries and abundant wildlife induced them to stay in the region after having migrated west from their ancient homeland on the Great Salt Sea in the land of the rising sun far to the east — the land of Gitchee Gumee of Longfellow’sHiawathafame. The people of this area, collectively known as the “Anish naabeg,” are made up of the Ojibway (or Chippewa), Ottawa (or Odawa), and Potawatomi tribes. They have thrived for mil lennia in the rich land of the Lake Huron borderlands, but when the Europeans (more speciﬁcally the French and British) arrived in the early seventeenth century looking for land and resources, the Native peoples were forced to adapt to an era of war and conﬂict as they tried to defend their homeland against the in vaders. A way of life, little changed for generations, was now altered forever in a radically short span of time. Regional dis putes became more intense, often fueled by European conﬂicts and their cruel methods of war. Conﬂict over the fur trade and access to trapping territories exacerbated ancient rivalries, and warriors often found themselves hundreds of miles from home ﬁghting enemies they barely knew, for reasons they may never have fully understood. Yet throughout these European proxy wars, the Native peo

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Indigenous peoples

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