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State University of New York Press - Luiz Felipedealencastro

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The seventeenth-century missionary and diplomat Father Antônio Vieira once observed that Brazil was nourished, animated, sustained, served, and conserved by the "sad blood" of the "black and unfortunate souls" imported from Angola. In The Trade in the Living, Luiz Felipe de Alencastro demonstrates how the African slave trade was an essential element in the South Atlantic and in the ongoing cohesion of Portuguese America, while at the same time the concrete interests of Brazilian colonists, dependent on Angolan slaves, were often violently asserted in Africa, to ensure men and commodities continued to move back and forth across the Atlantic. In exposing this intricate and complementary relationship between two non-European continents, de Alencastro has fashioned a new and challenging examination of colonial Brazil, one that moves beyond its relationship with Portugal to discover a darker, hidden history.
List of Illustrations

Presentation of the English Edition
Patrick Manning

Author’s Preface to the American Edition

1. The Apprenticeship of Colonization

2. Africans, “The Slaves from Guinea”

3. Lisbon, Slave-Trade Capital of the Western World

4. Amerindians, the “Slaves of the Land”

5. Evangelization in One Colony

6. The War over the Slave Markets

photo gallery follows page 252

7. Brasílica Angola

Conclusion: Brazil’s Singularity
Appendix 1 Luís Mendes de Vasconcellos and His Offspring
Appendix 2 The Supply of Northern Captaincies by Southern Captaincies during the Dutch War 1630–1654
Appendix 3 The Salvador Correa de Sá e Benevides Family
Appendix 4 Notes on Some Portuguese and Brasilico Expeditionaries of 1648 Task Force that Recaptured Angola
Appendix 5 1600s Portuguese Atlantic Hand Firearms
Notes
Bibliography
Index

Sujets

Latin American

América del Sur

South America

Latin America

History of the Americas

Caribbean

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Publié par	State University of New York Press
Date de parution	09 octobre 2018
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781438469317
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1998€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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The Trade in the Living
FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER STUDIES IN HISTORICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE
Series Editor: Richard E. Lee
The Fernand Braudel Center Studies in Historical Social Science will publish works that address theoretical and empirical questions produced by scholars in or through the Fernand Braudel Center or who share its approach and concerns. It specifically seeks to promote works that contribute to the development of the world-systems perspective engaging a holistic and relational vision of the world—the modern world-system—implicit in historical social science, which at once takes into consideration structures (long-term regularities) and change (history). With the intellectual boundaries within the sciences/social sciences/humanities structure collapsing in the work scholars actually do, this series will offer a venue for a wide range of research that confronts the dilemmas of producing relevant accounts of historical processes in the context of the rapidly changing structures of both the social and academic world. The series will include monographs, colloquia, and collections of essays organized around specific themes.
VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES:
Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge, I: Determinism
Richard E. Lee, editor
Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge, II: Reductionism
Richard E. Lee, editor
Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge, III: Dualism
Richard E. Lee, editor
The Longue Durée and World-Systems Analysis
Richard E. Lee, editor
New Frontiers of Slavery
Dale W. Tomich, editor
Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar: Martinique and the World-Economy, 1830–1848
Dale W. Tomich
The Politics of the Second Slavery
Dale W. Tomich, editor
Race and Rurality in the Global Economy
Michaeline A. Crichlow, Patricia Northover, and Juan Giusti-Cordero, editors
The Trade in the Living
Luiz Felipe de Alencastro
The Trade in the Living
The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries
Luiz Felipe de Alencastro
Translated by
Gavin Adams and Luiz Felipe de Alencastro
Revised by
Michael Wolfers and Dale Tomich

FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER STUDIES IN HISTORICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
© 2018 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
www.sunypress.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de, author.
Title: The trade in the living : the formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, sixteenth to seventeenth centuries / Luiz Felipe de Alencastro ; translated by Gavin Adams and Luiz Felipe de Alencastro ; revised by Michael Wolfers and Dale Tomich.
Other titles: Trato dos viventes. English
Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, 2018. | Series: SUNY series, Fernand Braudel Center Studies in Historical Social Science | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017023406 (print) | LCCN 2017024046 (ebook) | ISBN 9781438469317 (ebook) | ISBN 9781438469294 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Slavery—Brazil—History—16th century. | Slavery—Brazil—History—17th century. | Slavery—Angola—History—16th century. | Slavery—Angola—History—17th century. | Brazil—Foreign relations—Angola. | Angola—Foreign relations—Brazil. | Brazil—History—16th century. | Brazil—History—17th century.
Classification: LCC HT1126 (ebook) | LCC HT1126 .A7313 2018 (print) | DDC 306.3/62098109031—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017023406
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CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Presentation of the English Edition
Patrick Manning
Author’s Preface to the American Edition
1 The Apprenticeship of Colonization
2 Africans, “The Slaves from Guinea”
3 Lisbon, Slave-Trade Capital of the Western World
4 Amerindians, the “Slaves of the Land”
5 Evangelization in One Colony
6 The War over the Slave Markets
photo gallery
7 Brasílica Angola
Conclusion: Brazil’s Singularity
Appendix 1 Luís Mendes de Vasconcellos and His Offspring
Appendix 2 The Supply of Northern Captaincies by Southern Captaincies during the Dutch War 1630–1654
Appendix 3 The Salvador Correa de Sá e Benevides Family
Appendix 4 Notes on Some Portuguese and Brasilico Expeditionaries of 1648 Task Force that Recaptured Angola
Appendix 5 1600s Portuguese Atlantic Hand Firearms
Notes
Bibliography
Index
ILLUSTRATIONS
Table
Table 1.1 African Captives Carried on Vessels Leaving the Main Ports Where Slave-Trading Voyages Were Organized, 1514–1867
Maps
Map 2.1 Main Trade Routes in the Ethiopic Ocean
Map 3.1 Main Trade Routes in West Central Africa in the Seventeenth Century
Map 6.1 Probable Itinerary of the Raposo Tavares’ Bandeira in 1648–1651
Map 6.2 Portuguese and Brazilian Slave-Trade 1550–1850
Map 7.1 Portuguese and Brasílico Offensive in Seventeenth Century West Central Africa
Figures
Figure 1.1 Slaves Arriving in the Main Americas Regions 1576–1850
Figure 3.1 Estimated Number of Slaves from West Central Africa Landed in Ibero-America during the Portuguese Asientos and Beyond, 1581–1715
Figure 7.1 Major Regions from which the Enslaved left Africa for Brazil, 1576–1850
Figure C.1 Botocudos Attack in the Goyatacá Land (c. 1700)
Figure C.2 Economic Growth, Geopolitical Crisis, and Enslaved Disembarked in the Americas, 1550–1850 (in thousands)
PRESENTATION OF THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE EDITION
Patrick Manning
E nglish-speaking readers now have direct access to this important volume by Luiz Felipe de Alencastro, in which he displays vividly the complex struggles of the South Atlantic in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As the Atlantic underwent exploration and then conquest by European mariners, Portuguese vessels traced the whole Atlantic coast of Africa and half that of the Americas. With time, as the Portuguese came to focus their efforts on Angola and Brazil, two great struggles overlapped in this newly opened circuit of ocean and littoral. The first was that of building a Portuguese-led empire. In this long campaign for wealth and control, slave production of sugar arose on both sides of the Atlantic, captaincies in Brazil expanded through exploitation of Amerindian labor, and Portuguese seizure of land and labor in Angola and Kongo fed New World exploitation. Then came three decades of war with Dutch invaders, who seized parts of Brazil and Angola until Brazilians finally drove them out, re-established Luso-Brazilian dominion, and heightened their system of exploitation.
Alencastro demonstrates the importance of this great maritime region and its struggles for power in the early modern world. For instance, he emphasizes that the South Atlantic encompassed “the South American and Angolan fronts of the Thirty Years’ War.” He also labels the regions and the protagonists as they were called in documents of the time: the “Ethiopic Ocean” linked Portugal to the north with Brazil in the west and the African coast on the east. The key groups’ characters were the Portuguese from the metropole, the “Brasílicos” or Portuguese-descended settlers in Brazil, the Amerindians of Brazil, the “Angolistas” or Portuguese-descended settlers in Angola, the Africans, and the mixed descendants of these groups, the “mulattos.” The “Brazilians” were then the subjects of imperial Brazil after independence in 1822.
Alencastro argues consistently that the history of Brazil has extended far beyond the limits of the South American mainland. From the earliest Portuguese visit in 1500 to the conclusive abolition of slavery in 1888, Brazil relied heavily on slave production to build its economy. Further, the slave production of Brazil could only go ahead with the reproduction of slaves, especially in Angola. This pattern of Brazil’s dependence on the exploitation of Angola’s human capital not only persisted through the long colonial period, but expanded again during the “second slavery” of the nineteenth century—the sixty years of independence under the empire of Brazil. Rather than a “triangular trade” in slaves such as that linking England, West Africa, and the Caribbean, Brazil carried on a largely “bilateral trade” in slaves with Angola and a smaller bilateral trade in slaves to the Bight of Benin, sending tobacco, manioc, and alcoholic beverages (often slave-produced) to Africa in return for more slaves.
The original Portuguese version of this book, O Trato dos Viventes (2000), appeared in an elegant and thoroughly illustrated edition. This translation has been revised in two major ways: it adds reference to numerous works that have appeared sin