The Privatization of Israeli Security , livre ebook

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Between 1994-2014, Israel’s security service was transformed, becoming one of the most extreme examples of privatised security in the world. This book is an investigation into this period and the conditions that created ‘Occupation Inc.’: the institution of a private military-security-industrial complex.

State sponsored violence is increasing as a result of this securitisation, but why is it necessary, and what are its implications? In this book, Shir Hever considers the impact of the ongoing Palestinian resistance to Israeli occupation, the influence of U.S. military aid and the rise of neoliberalism in Israel, to make sense of this dramatic change in security policy.

Through the lens of political economy, this book shows how the Israeli security elites turn violence into a commodity in order to preserve their status and wealth, providing a fresh new perspective on the Israeli occupation.


List of Tables

List of Graphs

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Preface

1. Introduction

2. Theoretical Framework

3. Developments in Israel’s Military and Security Institutions

4. Processes of Privatization of Security in Israel

5. Outsourcing the Occupation

6. Global Dimensions of Security Privatization in Israel

7. Conclusions

Appendix: Overview of Privatization of Security in Israel

Notes

Filmography

Bibliography

Index
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20 novembre 2017

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0

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9781786801739

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English

The Privatization of Israeli Security
The Privatization of Israeli Security
Shir Hever
First published 2018 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.plutobooks.com
Copyright Shir Hever 2018
The right of Shir Hever to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 7453 3720 3 Hardback
ISBN 978 0 7453 3719 7 Paperback
ISBN 978 1 7868 0172 2 PDF eBook
ISBN 978 1 7868 0174 6 Kindle eBook
ISBN 978 1 7868 0173 9 EPUB eBook



This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin.
Typeset by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton, England
Simultaneously printed in the United Kingdom and United States of America
Contents
List of Tables
List of Graphs
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Preface
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
3. Developments in Israel s Military and Security Institutions
4. Processes of Privatization of Security in Israel
5. Outsourcing the Occupation
6. Global Dimensions of Security Privatization in Israel
7. Conclusions
Appendix: Overview of Privatization of Security in Israel
Notes
Filmography
Bibliography
Index
Tables
2.1 Institutional Typology of Privatization of Security
3.1 Troop Deployment Outside State Borders, 1987
4.1 Selected Israeli Military Companies and their Year of Founding
6.1 Comparison of Top Arms Exporters 2008-11
6.2 Top Ten Customers of Israeli Security and Military Products
A.1 Timeline of Privatization of Security
Graphs
3.1 Total Estimated Cost of Security (% of GDP)
3.2 Proportion of Jews Among Israeli Citizens
3.3 Poverty 1979-2015 (logarithmic)
6.1 US Aid to Israel (US millions, current prices)
6.2 US Aid to Israel (US millions, 2017 prices)
6.3 Distribution of Israeli Military Exports by Region (millions of US , current prices)
Acknowledgements
This book would never have been possible without the help and support of many people who have worked with me over the past five years to turn this project from an idea raised in political discussion to the book in its current form.
My deepest gratitude to my two PhD supervisors, Professor Cilja Harders and Professor Yehouda Shenhav, who have patiently guided me in the long journey from a research proposal to a book, dedicating a great deal of time far beyond my expectations, and sharing their own experiences with me. Professor Harders has not only guided me in my academic process but also in making valuable contacts and inviting me to take part in academic life in the Freie Universit t in Berlin. Without her help I would not have been able to find funding for my work nor to find teaching opportunities. Professor Shenhav has expressed faith in me throughout the process, and despite the long distance has made himself available to guide me and offer invaluable advice.
The group of PhD students under the supervision of Professor Harders formed a community and I am exceedingly grateful for all the help that I received from them. Anna Antonakis, Sherry Basta, Naoual Belakhdar, Imad Al Soos, Ebtisam Hussein, Sebastian Neubauer, Eva Schmidt and Allison West have all read parts of my work and have given me useful criticism and priceless advice.
During the years of studying the privatization of security in Israel, I encountered several scholars with a similar research interest. The generosity of these fellow scholars and their willingness to share their findings, empirical data and to recommend literature served my research tremendously. I would like to mention the scholars Galit Gelbort, Wassim Ghantous, Gregor Reisch, Leila Stockmarr and Alaa Tartir.
In addition, five professors have given me guidance during my work. These professors are Gadi Algazi, Shimshon Bichler, Itzhak Galnor, Jeff Halper and Amir Paz-Fuchs. Not only have I learned much from their writings but also from conversations with them in which they explained a great deal about the process of academic writing and about the study of Israel s security sector.
Thanks are also due to Roger Van Zwanenberg. He approached me to write my first book at Pluto Press and also helped me decide on the topic of this second book. I m very grateful to David Shulman who stayed interested in the topic and was very patient with me, so that I could graduate before turning my dissertation into a book.
My family s mobilization to help me graduate cannot be overestimated. The long conversations I ve had about my research with my brothers Tal and Ya ar, with my father Hannan and my mother Yael, and with my partner Hadas, have transformed my thinking about many of the aspects I write about. My parents have provided me with books and journals which I needed and was not able to access, my brothers helped in dealing with a German-speaking university and its bureaucratic requirements, and Hadas helped with every stage of the project, although she had her own research to worry about. In addition to the direct help with research, my family and especially Hadas have given me tremendous support in overcoming the magnitude of this task, convincing me that it was even possible.
Abbreviations
APC
Armored Personnel Carrier
BOT
Build-Operate-Transfer
CasP
Capital as Power
CEO
Chief Executive Officer
COGAT
Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories
CPI
Consumer Price Index
CSC
Civilian Security Coordinator
DAT
Differential Accumulation Theory
DOD
US Department of Defense
FMF
Foreign Military Financing
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
IAF
Israeli Air Force
IAI
Israeli Aerospace Industries
IDF
Israeli Defense Force
IMF
International Monetary Fund
IMI
Israeli Military Industries
IPS
Israeli Prison Service
ISA
Israeli Security Agency
MFA
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MOD
Ministry of Defense
NGO
Non-Governmental Organization
NII
National Insurance Institute
OCHA
Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN)
OHCHR
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN)
OPT
Occupied Palestinian Territory
PA
Palestinian Authority
PFI
Private Finance Initiative
PLO
Palestinian Liberation Organization
PMSC
Private Military and Security Company
PPP
Private-Public Partnership
SLA
South Lebanese Army
SOP
Special Operations Police
UAV
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UK
United Kingdom
UN
United Nations
US
United States
Preface
Since my university years I have been an activist in joint Palestinian-Israeli organizations for a just peace in Israel/Palestine. In the early 2000s, very few economists were part of those activist circles, and as a fledgling political economist I found an eager audience interested in economic analysis of the Israeli occupation of Palestine, even as an inexperienced researcher. The Alternative Information Center, a joint Palestinian-Israeli organization, gave me the opportunity to combine political activism and research. The topic of security (Hever, 2009) and the topic of privatization (Adut Hever, 2006; Hever, 2011b, 2013) came up frequently as relevant to my research there (along with other elements), but the idea of privatized security in Israel seemed to me almost unthinkable at the time.
A series of reports culminated in my book The Political Economy of Israel s Occupation which was published in 2010. In it I tried to answer with political economic tools the question which perplexed many progressive political activists: Why do most Israelis support such an expensive occupation? Writing the book, however, left me with lingering questions. The role of Israel s military elite, its gigantic security sector and the international military and security corporations in Israel s local and regional politics remained unclear, and I believe these to be key to understanding Israel s economic and political developments in the last decades. The point of interaction between these actors is in the allocation of resources, responsibilities and authority over the manufacture of security. This allocation in Israel favored the state and its public institutions until the 1990s, when reallocation through privatization started to accelerate and reshape Israel s security policies.
This book attempts to offer a comprehensive look at the privatization of security in Israel, with a focus on the last two decades. Privatization of security in Israel accelerated significantly in the 1990s, and the reasons for this acceleration comprise the main argument presented here. A comedy sketch from the early 1990s appeared in the satirical television show The Cameric Five , in which a man sits on a toilet and reads his mail. He is angry that he s being called for reserve duty. It s all because the IDF Israeli Defense Force is a monopoly, he laments. If there was competition between several armies, like they have in Lebanon, they would never dare call us for so long. I ll be able to choose the army which gives the best conditions. We need privatization. The satire was aimed at the government policy of rapid and wide-reaching privatization, which was being launched at that time. Between 1994 and 2006, five out of the ten large concerns owned by the Israeli government were sold to private investors (Hasson, 2006:11-19). The writers used ad absurdum humor as privatization of security was so unthinkable at the time. Today, however, such a joke is no longer so funny to an Israeli audience because privatization of security has become normal.
The transformation which the Israeli discourse on the privatization of security underwent is striking. In 1996 the Israeli government rejected the offer of the US Lockheed-Martin arms giant to buy Israeli Military Industries (IMI), as the company was d

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