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101 pages

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This book is the result of a conference organised by the Contemporary Portuguese Political History Research Centre (CPHRC) and the University of Dundee that took place during September 2000. The purpose of this conference, and the resulting book, was to bring together various experts in the field to analyse and debate the process of Portuguese decolonisation, which was then 25 years old, and the effects of this on the Portuguese themselves. For over one century, the Portuguese state had defined its foreign policy on the basis of its vast empire &endash; this was the root of its 'Atlanticist' vision. The outbreak of war of liberation in its African territories, which were prompted by the new international support for self determination in colonised territories, was a serious threat that undermined the very foundations of the Portuguese state. This book examines the nature of this threat, how the Portuguese state initially attempted to overcome it by force, and how new pressures within Portuguese society were given space to emerge as a consequence of the colonial wars. This is the first book that takes a multidisciplinary look at both the causes and the consequences of Portuguese decolonisation &endash; and is the only one that places the loss of Portugal's Eastern Empire in the context of the loss of its African Empire. Furthermore, it is the only English language book that relates the process of Portuguese decolonisation with the search for a new Portuguese vision of its place in the world. This book is intended for anyone who is interested in regime change, decolonisation, political revolutions and the growth and development of the European Union. It will also be useful for those who are interested in contemporary developments in civil society and state ideologies. Given that a large part of the book is dedicated to the process of change in the various countries of the former Portuguese Empire, it will also be of interest to students of Africa. It will be useful to those who study decolonisation processes within the other former European Empires, as it provides comparative detail. The book will be most useful to academic researchers and students of comparative politics and area studies.

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HISTORY

Histoire

General officer

Spain

Spain (groupe)

General

Cultural Studies

Europe

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Publié par	Intellect Books Ltd
Date de parution	01 octobre 2003
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781841508979
Langue	English

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This short volume provides a unique overview of the Portuguese empire, decolonization, and today's Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) world hitherto unavailable in a single, comprehensive volume. It sums up admirably how decolonization and the struggle to democratize in Europe's last empire left an important legacy in today's Africa. More importantly, it captures how the struggle to find a basis for cooperation among national societies outside Europe and the Americas - linked together by a distinct cultural milieu spanning Africa and Asia and a European language and culture outside Europe - have been transformed into a continuing cultural identity that transcends colonialism and current economic and political realities.
Professor Lawrence Graham, University of Texas
The Last Empire
Thirty Years of Portuguese Decolonization
Edited by Stewart Lloyd-Jones and Ant nio Costa Pinto
Published in Paperback in UK in 2003 by Intellect Books , PO Box 862, Bristol BS99 1DE, UK
Published in Paperback in USA in 2003 by Intellect Books , ISBS, 920 NE 58th Ave. Suite 300, Portland, Oregon 97213-3786, USA
Copyright 2003 Intellect
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission.

Cover Design: Gabriel Solomons
Copy Editor: Holly Spradling
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Electronic ISBN 1-84150-897-7 / ISBN 1-84150-109-3
Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastbourne.
Contents
Preface and acknowledgements
PART I: Portugal, the colonies and the 1974 Revolution
The influence of overseas issues in Portugal s transition to democracy
Richard A. H. Robinson
The transition to democracy and Portugal s decolonization
Ant nio Costa Pinto
PART II: Case Studies
S o Tom and Pr ncipe: decolonization and its legacy, 1974-90
Malyn Newitt
Macao,Timor and Portuguese India in the context of Portugal s recent decolonization
Arnaldo Gon alves
PART III: Portugal and the PALOPs
Portugal and the CPLP: heightened expectations, unfounded disillusions
Lu s Ant nio Santos
What good is Portugal to an African?
Michel Cahen
Portugal s lusophone African immigrants: colonial legacy in a contemporary labour market
Martin Eaton
PART IV: Testimonies
Portugal, Africa and the future
Douglas L.Wheeler
The empire is dead, long live the EU
Ant nio de Figueiredo
Bibliography
Preface and acknowledgements
T his book is the result of a conference on Portuguese decolonization, which took place in Edzell, Dundee on 11-14 September 2000 as an initiative of the Contemporary Portuguese Political History Research Centre (CPHRC) and the University of Dundee s Department of Politics. This event brought together European and North American researchers who have, during the last few years, studied Portuguese decolonization within the context of the country s transition to democracy.
In the first part of the book, Richard Robinson analyses the significant influence of the colonial wars on the nature of Portugal s transition to democracy. Noted for its fierce resistance to decolonization, the dictatorship of Ant nio Salazar finally succumbed to a coup d tat that placed the country s armed forces at the forefront of Portugal s transition. Robinson examines the initial crisis of the Portuguese Revolution of April 1974, which was dominated by conflicts concerning the nature of Portugal s withdrawal from its empire.
One of the main factors explaining the accentuated crisis of the state that characterized Portugal s democratization, and which differentiated its transition from those of Spain and Greece, was the manner in which the transition to democracy occurred simultaneously with the decolonization process. In the second chapter, Ant nio Costa Pinto examines how the prospect of Portugal s integration into the European Economic Community constituted an alternative vision to the end of empire , and how it became an important factor in the consolidation of Portugal s democracy by enabling the Portuguese to quickly forget the trauma of decolonization.
The second part of the book includes the examination of two case studies of examples that have largely been neglected in English language scholarship. In the third chapter, Malyn Newitt examines some of the ways in which the actual process of decolonization influenced the direction in which S o Tom and Pr ncipe developed after independence from Portugal. His contribution looks at three questions: the extent to which the decolonization had its own momentum rather that being simply a by-product of the general decolonization in the other colonies; the extent to which the choices made at the time of decolonization became major determinants of the way the country has developed; and thirdly, whether there were practical alternatives to decolonization and independence that might better have secured the prosperity and development of such a small and fragile state.
In the following chapter, Arnaldo Gon alves provides another case study, this time examining the various destinies of the remains of Portugal s empire in India and Asia. He divides his analysis between Goa, Dam o and Diu, which were invaded by the Indian Union in 1961, at the very outbreak of the colonial war in Africa; East Timor, which was invaded by Indonesia in 1975; and the particular status of Macao-Portugal s final colonial possession, which was transferred to Chinese control in 1999.
The third part of the book analyses the changing relationship between Portugal and its former colonies in Africa. In chapter five, Lu s Ant nio Santos explains how Portugal, after 20 years establishing itself in Europe, began to look once more at its relations with its former colonies. He analysis the problems and delays involved in creating the Communidade de Pa ses da L ngua Portuguesa (CPLP-Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries), and Portugal s uncertainty regarding the nature of its relationship with its former possessions in this new organization, and the debates between forces with opposing visions of just what the CPLP is meant to represent to each of its member states.
In a rather provokative chapter, Michel Cahen takes a look at the CPLP from the point of view of the Pa ses Africanos da L ngua Oficial Portuguesa (PALOP- Portuguese Speaking African Countries), pointing out that there is little interest in these countries for the establishment of privileged relations with Portugal. Finally, Martin Eaton examines one of the greatest impacts of decolonization-the presence in Portugal of large numbers of immigrants from the PALOPs.
In addition to these communications, we are able to publish the testimonies of two of the participants at the conference in part four of the book.The first of these, by the renowned historian of lusophone Africa, Douglas L.Wheeler, is a previously unpublished document that he presented to the United States Department of State just a few weeks prior to the April revolution. Many of his conclusions were subsequently confirmed by events on the ground. The second testimony is by the well-known journalist and Portuguese activist, Ant nio de Figueiredo, who fled the dictatorship to exile in the United Kingdom during the 1950s. Figueiredo s contribution represents an important autobiographical account of a lifetime opponent of the Portuguese dictatorship. Figueiredo was a participant in General Humberto Delgado s democratic opposition campaign for the Portuguese Presidency in 1958-a campaign that led to one of the dictatorship s greatest crises.
* * *
The CPHRC would like to thank the Funda o Calouste Gulbenkian and the British Academy for their generous support of this our first conference.We would also like to thank the Instituto Cam es in Lisbon and the International Conference Group on Portugal for the financial support they provided towards the organization of the conference.We are also grateful to the University of Glasgow s Department of Politics for their generous assistance in publicising the event.
A very special debt of gratitude is due to the University of Dundee s Department of Politics both for providing the CPHRC with the facilities necessary for organising and financing this event, and for co-sponsoring the conference. We would especially like to thank Norrie MacQueen, Head of the Department of Politics, for his encouragement and support of the CPHRC. Without this help, the conference would not have taken place.
The editors would also like to thank the other participants of the conference, both panellists and discussants, particularly: Lawrence Graham of the University of Texas at Austin; Patrick Chabal of the Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies at King s College London; Norrie MacQueen of the University of Dundee; and Nat rcia Coimbra of the Centro de Documenta o 25 de Abril at the University of Coimbra.
The editors would also like to express their gratitude to the Editorial Board of the Portuguese Journal of Social Science for agreeing to include this volume in their series and for the revision and translation of some of the chapters, and to Teresa Segurado, Secretary at UNICS-ISCTE, for typing the testimonies.
Stewart would like to thank Mike Harland of the University of Glasgow for his unswerving support for the CPHRC and for his skills as a translator, and Francis Lambert, also of the University of Glasgow, for his inspiring comments. A special word of thanks must go to Linda and Liam Gourlay for their constant support, patience and encouragement, without which the CPHRC would not exist.
PART I
Portugal, the colonies and the 1974 Revolution
1:The influence of overseas issues in Portugal s transition to democracy
Richard A. H. Robinson *
F or historians, assessing influence is a perennial and perforce inexact art. Different people weight factors dif