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Great War - Robert Livesey

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54 pages

English

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Young readers will learn of Canada's part in the first great worldwide conflict. They discover what life was like in the trenches, the first tanks, u-boats and convoys, aces and dog fights, machine guns and cavalry charges, gas warfare, as well as the drastic changes in women's roles. It includes hands-on activities such as writing a coded message, targeting and observation, and much more.

Sujets

History

Military

World War I

Histoire

guide

Discovering Canada Series

Informations

Publié par	Great War
Date de parution	01 octobre 2019
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781989282441
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	2 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0350€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

DISCOVERING CANADA
The Great War
ROBERT LIVESEY & A. G. SMITH

Text copyright © 2006 by Robert Livesey
Illustrations copyright © 2006 by A.G. Smith

Published in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 195 Allstate Parkway, Markham, Ontario L3R 4T8

Published in the United States by Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 311 Washington Street, Brighton, Massachusetts 02135

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the case of brief excerpts in critical reviews and articles. All inquiries should be addressed to Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, 195 Allstate Parkway, Markham, Ontario L3R 4T8.

www.fitzhenry.ca godwit@fitzhenry.ca

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Livesey, Robert, 1940-
The Great War / Robert Livesey ; illustrated by A.G. Smith.
(Discovering Canada)
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-55005-136-0
ISBN-10: 1-55005-136-9.—
1. World War, 1914-1918—Canada—Juvenile literature.
I. Smith, A. G. (Albert Gray), 1945- II. Title. III. Series: Livesey,
Robert, 1940- Discovering Canada.

D547.C2L59 2006 j940.3’71 C2006-903247-5

Fitzhenry & Whiteside acknowledges with thanks the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council for their support of our publishing program. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities.

Illustrations by A.G. Smith
Cover and interior by Janie Skeete, Skeedoodle Design

Printed in Canada

Dedicated with love to veterans Great Uncle Allen Harts, Great Uncle Edward Chope Bate, and cousins Shelvey, Clifton, Quinton, Elizabeth, and Andrea.

A special thanks to Dr. James Pauff; Josie Hazen; Linda Biesenthal; Ian Unwin; Cynthia Perry; Chad Martin, Curator, Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, Hamilton, Ontario; the librarians at the Mississauga Public Library, Oakville Public Library, and the University of Windsor Library.

Books in the Discovering Canada series:
The Vikings
The Fur Traders
New France
Native Peoples
The Defenders
The Railways
The Loyal Refugees
The Rebels
Black Heritage
The Great War
Contents

Introduction

CHAPTERS

1. Assassination:
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the Black Hand
2. Western Front:
Raymond Brutinel, Andrew McNaughton, and Others
3. Eastern Front:
Joe Boyle, Lawrence of Arabia, and Others
4. Home Front:
Beth Smellie, Mabel Adamson, Mata Hari, and Others
5. U-Boats and Battleships:
Admiral Jellicoe, Admiral Scheer, and Others
6. Flying Aces:
Billy Bishop, Billy Barker, and Others
7. The Final Years:
Julian Byng, Arthur Currie, and Others

Index

Introduction

Some people say that nothing is solved by fighting. Others claim that you should stand up and fight for your rights when you are threatened or intimidated.
Most people agree that fighting should be the last resort, used only when every peaceful effort has been exhausted. Conflicts can end in horrific injuries or tragic death. Only fools choose to fight when it is not necessary. Before the Great War started in 1914, countries in Europe were like kids in a schoolyard. Some were like schoolyard bullies, anxious to fight in order to seize property or to dominate others. But there were no teachers or principals in charge. Larger and stronger nations could defend themselves, but many were too small or weak.
Bullies are not likely to attack someone of their own size or strength. They tend to pick on lone individuals, rather than a group. Sometimes friendships, rather than authority figures, are a better protection from aggressors. Groups of friends can ensure safety.
By 1914, countries in Europe had established agreements, treaties, and alliances for mutual defence. Help from friends was guaranteed if anyone was attacked. Smaller countries depended on protection from larger ones, and most larger ones felt more secure belonging to an alliance. In 1914, the world was filled with rival countries anticipating a fight.
Canada was committed to supporting Britain. During the Great War, more than 600,000 Canadians fought. Almost half were killed or wounded.
CHAPTER 1
Assassination
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the Black Hand

The Great War began in 1914 with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The archduke was heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, a huge empire that included the small province of Bosnia. The archduke was killed in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, where he had travelled with his wife, Sophie, to inspect the Austrian troops stationed in the province.
Just before the assassination, tensions were running high between Austria and its neighbour, the country of Serbia. Serbia wanted to expand its territories, and Austria feared that it might try to take over Bosnia because many Serbs were living there. Between January 1913 and June 1914, the Austrian army had urged an attack on Serbia 25 times. To demonstrate its strength, Austria sent 70,000 soldiers on manoeuvres to Bosnia.
The Black Hand
A terrorist organization, the Black Hand, was created in 1911 with the objective of uniting all Serbs. On June 28, 1914, a motorcade drove down the main street of Sarajevo. The archduke and Sophie were travelling in an open car.
Because they had been warned of an assassination plot, 120 armed policemen were guarding the streets. Six Black Hand terrorists, armed with guns and bombs, were waiting along the route to murder the royal couple.
Terrorist Attack
As the motorcade proceeded to the town hall, a terrorist named Cabrinovic tossed a bomb that bounced off the archduke’s automobile and blew up the car behind it. The driver of the royal couple’s vehicle quickly sped away.
The archduke ordered the driver to abandon the planned route. The nervous chauffeur turned down a narrow street. General Potiorek, the governor of Bosnia, was in the archduke’s car. He screamed at the driver to back up. As the car reversed, another terrorist, Gavrilo Princip, who was by pure chance on the street, ran forward, stepped onto the running board, and fired his pistol point blank. The first bullet hit Franz Ferdinand’s neck. The next, aimed at the general, struck Sophie’s stomach. Ferdinand and his wife died within seconds.
The Alliances
The deaths of the Austrian royal couple sparked war activity. Because the assassins were Serbian terrorists, Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Serbia was a friend of Russia, which mobilized its army to aid Serbia. France was a friend of Russia, so it also prepared for war. France and Germany had been enemies since the 1870s, when Germany seized the French provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Germany came to the aid of its friend Austria-Hungary by declaring war against Russia on August 1 and against France on August 3.
Germany invaded the small, neutral country of Belgium because it was the best route to launch an attack on France. Britain had a treaty with Belgium and declared war against Germany on August 4, 1914. Canada and other Commonwealth countries, such as Australia, India, and South Africa, were part of the British Empire. They joined the war to aid Britain.
The five large countries that first started the war were all rich and powerful, all were major steel producers, and all had developed vast railroad transportation systems.
Germany and Austria-Hungary were called the Central Powers. France, Russia, and Britain were the Allied Powers. France, Germany, and Britain had world-wide empires that supplied raw materials and military support. The powerful United States was neutral in the beginning, but it supplied weapons, food, and other materials to the Allied Powers.
Britain’s navy was the most powerful. Germany had a strong army and navy, including submarines. Russia had a huge but outdated army.

Great War Alliances Allied Powers Central Powers
Russian Empire (until 1917)
France
British Empire*
Italy (from 1915)
Romania (from 1916)
U.S. (from 1917)
Serbia
Portugal (from 1916)
China (from 1917)
Japan
Belgium
Montenegro (until 1916)
Greece (from 1917)
German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria (from 1915)

*British Empire included
Canada
Newfoundland (not part of Canada in 1914)
Australia
New Zealand
South Africa
India
CHAPTER 2
Western Front
Raymond Brutinel, Andrew McNaughton, and Others

The Great War was expected to be over in six weeks, but it got stuck in the muddy trenches of the Western Front and continued for four long, devastating years. It was the first world conflict in which modern weapons, such as tanks, airplanes, submarines, and machine guns, were used along with war tactics and equipment from the past, including swords and cavalry charges.
Germany Invades
The German plan was to capture Paris and force the French to surrender. The fastest route was through the neutral country of Belgium. The king of Belgium, with a small army, slowed down the mighty German forces for 10 days at the city of Liège, which controlled a narrow 20-km pass.
First Battle of Mons and Le Cateau (August 1914)
The invasion of Belgium brought the British into the war. The British army * of 100,000 soldiers, led by Field Marshal Sir John French, reached France by mid-August. The 1st Corps was commanded by General Douglas Haig and the 2nd Corps by General Horace Smith-Dorrien, who faced the German army at the first battle of Mons on August 23, 1914. The Germans forced the British and French armies to retreat. On August 26, the larger German army caught up to Smith-Dorrien’s 2nd Corps at Le Cateau. After a six-hour battle, 9000 German and 8000 British were dead or wounded.

Battle of the Marne (September 1914)
After Le Cateau, the French and British continued to retreat. In September, the Germans were ad