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166 pages

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What does the rise of China represent, and how should the international community respond? With a holistic rereading of Chinese longue durée history, Fei-Ling Wang provides a simple but powerful framework for understanding the nature of persistent and rising Chinese power and its implications for the current global order. He argues that the Chinese ideation and tradition of political governance and world order—the China Order—is based on an imperial state of Confucian-Legalism as historically exemplified by the Qin-Han polity. Claiming a Mandate of Heaven to unify and govern the whole known world or tianxia (all under heaven), the China Order dominated Eastern Eurasia as a world empire for more than two millennia, until the late nineteenth century. Since 1949, the People's Republic of China has been a reincarnated Qin-Han polity without the traditional China Order, finding itself stuck in the endless struggle against the current world order and the ever-changing Chinese society for its regime survival and security. Wang also offers new discoveries and assessments about the true golden eras of Chinese civilization, explains the great East-West divergence between China and Europe, and analyzes the China Dream that drives much of current Chinese foreign policy.
Tables and Figures
Acknowledgments

Introduction: The China Order

Arrangement of the Book

1. The Centralia: The Origin and the Basics

The Chinese Nomenclature: More than Just Semantics
China as a World: Ecogeography Shapes the Mind
The Chinese Peoples and the Chinese Multination
History and the Writing of History in China
The Precondition: The Pre-Qin China
The Glory and Peacefulness of the Warring States

2. The Qin-Han Polity and Chinese World Empire

Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism
The Qin Polity: The Chinese Totalitarianism
The Qin Tianxia: A World Empire Order
The Qin-Han Polity and the China Order
The Fused Confucianism-Legalism
The Consolidation and Expansion of the China Order
The Recurrence of the China Order and the Great East-West Divergence
The Evolution and Refinement of the China Order
From the Second Great Disunion to the Ultimate China Order
The Qing World Empire

3. The Forsaken Turn: The Song Era

The Song: An Uncommon Qin-Han Empire
Song’s Chinese World
Chanyuan Treaty: China’s Peace of Westphalia
Chanyuan System: A New World Order for Eastern Eurasia
Chanyuan System in the Chinese Mind
The Splendid Song: The Chinese World under the Chanyuan System
Song Era: The Peak of Ancient Chinese Civilization

4. The China Order: An Assessment

The China Order: The Characteristics
The China Order versus the Westphalia System
Ideal Governance for the Rulers at Exorbitant Expenses
Great Incompatibility and Long Stagnation
Deadly Sisyphus, Inescapable Inferno
Why the Stagnation: A Pausing Note on Monopoly

5. The Century of Humiliation and Progress

The Decay and Fading of the China Order
Westernization: The Way to Survive
The Unusual Fall of the Qing Empire
The ROC on the Chinese Mainland: An Era of Opportunities
Late-Qing and the Republican Eras: A Reassessment

6. Great Leap Backward

The ROC: A Tenacious but Transforming Authoritarianism
The Rise of the CCP
Mao and the Mandate of the People
Guns, Ruses, and Promises
The PRC: A New Qin-Han State
Post-Mao: The Qin-Han Polity Changes and Continues
Suboptimal Performance, Rich State, Strong Military

7. The China Struggle Between Tianxia and Westphalia

The Tianxia Mandate
Mao’s Global War for a New China Order
Rescued and Enriched by the Enemy
Opening and Hiding: To Survive the End of the Cold War
The China Dream: Rejuvenation and Global Governance
Epilogue: The Scenarios

Notes
Bibliography
Index

Sujets

International relations

History of Asia

China

Informations

Publié par	State University of New York Press
Date de parution	07 août 2017
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781438467504
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	18 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1648€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

The China Order
The China Order
Centralia, World Empire, and the Nature of Chinese Power
Fei-Ling Wang
Cover art: Top left photo: Sun Yet-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, China: “ Tianxia for the public.” Top center photo: Imperial Seal started by the Qin Empire: “Mandate from heaven, longevity and prosperity forever.” Top right photo: The Xinhua Gate, front entrance of Zhongnanhai, in Beijing: “To serve the people.” Bottom photo: The Tiananmen Gate in Beijing: “Long live the solidarity of the people of the world.”
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
© 2017 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
www.sunypress.edu
Production, Diane Ganeles
Marketing, Anne M. Valentine
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Wang, Fei-Ling, author.
Title: The China order : Centralia, world empire, and the nature of Chinese power / Fei-Ling Wang.
Description: Albany, NY : State University of New York Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016058083 (print) | LCCN 2017027114 (ebook) | ISBN 9781438467504 (ebook) | ISBN 9781438467498 (hardcover : alkaline paper)
Subjects: LCSH: China—Foreign relations—1949—Philosophy. | China—Civilization—Philosophy. | Great powers—Philosophy. | Imperialism—Philosophy. | China—History—Qin dynasty, 221–207 B.C. | China—History—Han dynasty, 202 B.C.–220 A.D.
Classification: LCC JZ1734 (ebook) | LCC JZ1734 .W33 2017 (print) | DDC 327.51—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016058083
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the Chinese People
Contents
Tables and Figures
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The China Order
Arrangement of the Book
Chapter 1. The Centralia: The Origin and the Basics
The Chinese Nomenclature: More than Just Semantics
China as a World: Ecogeography Shapes the Mind
The Chinese Peoples and the Chinese Multination
History and the Writing of History in China
The Precondition: The Pre-Qin China
The Glory and Peacefulness of the Warring States
Chapter 2. The Qin-Han Polity and Chinese World Empire
Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism
The Qin Polity: The Chinese Totalitarianism
The Qin Tianxia : A World Empire Order
The Qin-Han Polity and the China Order
The Fused Confucianism-Legalism
The Consolidation and Expansion of the China Order
The Recurrence of the China Order and the Great East-West Divergence
The Evolution and Refinement of the China Order
From the Second Great Disunion to the Ultimate China Order
The Qing World Empire
Chapter 3. The Forsaken Turn: The Song Era
The Song: An Uncommon Qin-Han Empire
Song’s Chinese World
Chanyuan Treaty: China’s Peace of Westphalia
Chanyuan System: A New World Order for Eastern Eurasia
Chanyuan System in the Chinese Mind
The Splendid Song: The Chinese World under the Chanyuan System
Song Era: The Peak of Ancient Chinese Civilization
Chapter 4. The China Order: An Assessment
The China Order: The Characteristics
The China Order versus the Westphalia System
Ideal Governance for the Rulers at Exorbitant Expenses
Great Incompatibility and Long Stagnation
Deadly Sisyphus, Inescapable Inferno
Why the Stagnation: A Pausing Note on Monopoly
Chapter 5. The Century of Humiliation and Progress
The Decay and Fading of the China Order
Westernization: The Way to Survive
The Unusual Fall of the Qing Empire
The ROC on the Chinese Mainland: An Era of Opportunities
Late-Qing and the Republican Eras: A Reassessment
Chapter 6. Great Leap Backward
The ROC: A Tenacious but Transforming Authoritarianism
The Rise of the CCP
Mao and the Mandate of the People
Guns, Ruses, and Promises
The PRC: A New Qin-Han State
Post-Mao: The Qin-Han Polity Changes and Continues
Suboptimal Performance, Rich State, Strong Military
Chapter 7. The China Struggle Between Tianxia and Westphalia
The Tianxia Mandate
Mao’s Global War for a New China Order
Rescued and Enriched by the Enemy
Opening and Hiding: To Survive the End of the Cold War
The China Dream: Rejuvenation and Global Governance
Epilogue: The Scenarios
Notes
Bibliography
Index
Tables and Figures
Figure 1.1 The Chinese World: Insulation and Isolation
Figure 1.2 The Chinese World: Centralia Defined by Precipitation
Figure 1.3 The Heihe-Tengchong Line
Table 1.1 Diverging Interpretation and Presentation of China and Chinese History
Table 1.2 Frequency of War in the History of the Chinese World
Figure 4.1 Wars per Year in the Chinese World
Figure 4.2 Per Capita and per mu Grain Production
Figure 4.3 Populations in the Chinese World and the Mediterranean-European Word
Acknowledgments
This book is a result of a long academic journey since my years in college and graduate schools. My earlier books on Chinese premodernity and China’s hukou (household registration) system, published in 1998 and 2005 respectively, set the path leading to this project. My writing of essays on the rise of China for the International Herald Tribune in 2005–06 and my participation in the Princeton University–Peking University Project on U.S.–China Relations and World Order in 2010–12 facilitated the formulation and refinement of my thoughts. Over the past decade, in the process of completing this work, I have accumulated immeasurable debt to countless individuals in more than a dozen countries on five continents. To those who have provided leads and inspirations, endured my questions and requests, helped with facts and contacts, and offered critiques and assistance—too many to be named here—I salute you all.
My colleagues and students at Georgia Institute of Technology have been my patient audience and stimulating critics. The following institutions kindly hosted my visits for this project over the years: European University Institute, National University of Singapore, National Sun Yat-sen University, National Taiwan University, Sciences Po, Tunghai University, U.S. Air Force Academy, University of Macau, University of Tokyo, and Yonsei University. Generous grants from the Fulbright Commission, the Hitachi Foundation, and the Minerva Initiative helped my research. I received valuable comments when I presented parts of this book at the American Political Science Association, Chinese Cultural University, Council on Foreign Relations, International Studies Association, Joint University of U.S. Special Forces, Korea University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, National Chengchi University, National Chungshin University, National Tsinghua University, Peking University, Princeton University, Seoul National University, Sun Yat-sen University, U.S. National War College, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, University of Denver, University of Indonesia, University of Malaya, University of Pennsylvania, and Victoria University.
I want to thank the anonymous reviewers for their strong endorsement and encouragement and helpful suggestions. The editors and the copyeditor of SUNY Press have made this book possible. Needless to say, I alone bear all the responsibility for any imperfections that still remain.
I would never be able to complete this work without the constant love and support from my family and friends, for which I am truly fortunate and eternally grateful.
Finally, this book is dedicated to the Chinese people who, as I am trying to show, have gone through so much for so long. All the hardship, suffering, and injustice I have ever faced pales completely in comparison. This great people has my utmost love and very best wishes.
F. L. W.
Atlanta, Georgia
USA
2017
Introduction
O ne can easily make a long list of peculiarities about China. It is much harder, however, to decipher and weigh those particularities to ascertain what the rising Chinese power really represents and how the international community should respond, with which rests the future of world peace, world order, and the direction of human civilization.
A quick snapshot may illustrate the many paradoxes and topsy-turvies in the People’s Republic of China (PRC): The Chinese economy measured by GDP (gross domestic product) jumped from world’s number ten in 1990 to number two in 2012 and is projected to soon replace the American economy that has been world’s largest since the 1880s. China also has world’s largest population and second largest military budget, which has been growing much faster than its economy. Yet, the PRC appears and acts with a strong and increasing sense of insecurity and discontent, craving ever more power and control at home and abroad. Still a typical developing country by per capita GDP and Human Development Index, China showers money all over the globe to cultivate its image and influence—pledging $1.41 trillion in 201