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University of Wales Press - Peter James

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158 pages

English

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Having worked on projects around the world, strengthening and restoring historically significant structures from Windsor Castle to the parliament buildings in Canada, Peter James brings insight to the structural engineering of ancient Egypt. After fourteen years working on the historic buildings and temples of Egypt, and most recently the world’s oldest pyramid, he now presents some of the more common theories surrounding the ‘collapsing’ pyramid – along with new and innovative projections on the construction of the pyramids and the restoration of some of Cairo’s most monumental structures from the brink of ruin. The decoding of historic construction from a builder’s perspective is examined and explained – at times against many existing theories – and the book provides a new outlook on long-held assumptions, to embrace modern theories in a bid to preserve the past.

List of illustrations
Introduction: The Early Years
1 Tools of the Trade
2 Restoring Historic Cairo
3 Saving the Temple of Hibis
4 The Red Pyramid
5 How the Pyramids were Built, their Rise and Fall
6 The Step Pyramid
Index

Sujets

History

Ancient

Egypt

Histoire

Informations

Publié par	University of Wales Press
Date de parution	12 avril 2018
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781786832511
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	200 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0824€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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SAVING THE PYRAMIDS
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 1 07/03/2018 12:19PETER JAMES
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 2 07/03/2018 12:19the
Twenty-frst-century Engineering and Egypt’s Ancient Monuments
PETER JAMES
UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS
2018
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 3 07/03/2018 12:19© Peter James, 2018
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in
any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any
medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or
incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the
written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for the
copyright owner’s written permission to reproduce any part of this
publication should be addressed to the University of Wales Press,
10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place, Cardiff CF10 4UP.
www.uwp.co.uk
British Library CIP Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library
ISBN 978-1-78683-250-4
eISBN 978-1-78683-251-1
The right of Peter James to be identifed as author of this work
has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Designed and typeset by Chris Bell, cbdesign
Printed by CPI Antony Rowe, Melksham
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 4 07/03/2018 12:19CONTENTS
List of Illustrations vii
Introduction: The Early Years 1
1 Tools of the Trade 5
2 Restoring Historic Cairo 19
3 Saving the Temple of Hibis 37
4 The Red Pyramid 55
5 How the Pyramids were Built, their Rise and Fall 61
6 The Step Pyramid 103
Bibliography 135
Index139
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 5 07/03/2018 12:19LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
page
ii–iii The Giza Pyramids; photograph by Ricardo Liberato,
https://www.fickr.com/photos/51035655291@N01/171610084.
x The Great Pyramid of Giza; photograph by Jerome Bon,
https://www.fickr.com/photos/91241612@N00/2427492641.
1 The Giza Pyramids of Khufu, Khaefre and Menkaure.
2 The Great Pyramid of Khufu photographed from the Mena House at Giza.
6 The tell-tale horizontal cracking in the external rendering indicating wall-tie
corrosion.
6 Corroded wall-ties in an advanced state of corrosion.
6 Cavity wall construction built to prevent moisture entering the dwellings.
7 The frst use of the sock technology to overcome the problem of fxing new
facades to hollow-pot construction.
8 Some typical bespoke remedial applications used in stabilisation and
repairs.
9 Comparison of a Cintec anchor with a concrete lintel.
10 Illustration and sections through the Cintec vacuum System.
11 The use of end-plates to create a cone of compression at the ends of the
anchor assemblies.
12 Connectors and spacers cused on long anchor applications.
12 Illustration of how, by using a larger drilled hole, a greater loading may be
achieved in soft and friable substrates.
13 Testing at Bath University for project Niker 7.
14 Energy absorbing dissipative seismic device.
16 Under-reaming to increase grout-sock bond capacity.
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 7 07/03/2018 12:19viii | SAVING THE PYRAMIDS
17 Smart anchors to be installed at the point of failure in the Bent Pyramid.
18/21 David Roberts, Bazaar of the Silk Mercers in Cairo, colour lithograph
c.1848, Wellcome Library, London; http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/
L0021542.html.
20 Damaged interface and arches at Al-Ghuri Mosque.
21 External view of Al-Ghuri Mosque from the main road.
21 The Madrasa and Kangah of the Sultan Al-Ghuri; photograph JMCC1.
22 General internal and external views at Al-Ghuri.
22 David Roberts, Interior of the Mosque of Sultan Al-Ghuri, Cairo, colour lithograph
c.1849, Welcome Library, London; http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/image/
L0021563.html.
23 Marking out, and diamond drilling at Al-Ghuri.
23 Original sketches marked up to show the position of the new anchor
arrangements to consolidate the walls.
24 Cracking pattern on the main body of the minaret with Lime tell-tales to
measure further movement.
25 Discrete element animations used to calculate the repair philosophies and
anchor positions required.
26 Timber support work to the facade of a maqaad prior to the
commencement of work.
27 Temporary steel bracing to secure walls out of alignment.
27 Temporary timber support work to defective arches.
27 Typical evidence of seismic cracking.
28–30 Damage caused by the 1992 earthquake, and subsequent installation of
anchors in various structures.
31 Interior of Al-Ghuri Mosque before seismic damage; photograph Sailko.
32 Minaret of Al-Ghuri Mosque; photograph Sailko.
33 Typical damage to the interior of a maqaad.
33 Installation of an anchor at high level.
34 Interior of As-Silahdar after completion of the strengthening work.
34 As-Saif after completion of the strengthening work.
35 Exteriors near Bestaq Maqaad and at As-Sarghitmish Mosque after
completion of the strengthening work.
36/45 Pharaoh Namur depicted on internal wall at the Temple of Hibis,
photograph NYU Excavations at Amheida; https://www.fickr.com/
photos/34561917@N04/4751528839/.
37 Elevation of the Temple of Hibis in the Kharga Oasis of the Western Desert.
38 Sketches of the temple based on the original publication by Herbert
Winlock of the Metropolitan Museum, New York.
39 Temporary timber supports to various elevations at Temple Hibis.
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 8 07/03/2018 12:19LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS | ix
40 Damage due to differential ground movement and the attempts to
reposition the entrance porch.
43 Plan of temple Hibis showing anchor positions.
44 Depiction of the ‘sema-tawy’ ritual.
46 Palmiform columns at the Temple of Hibis, photograph by Hanne Siegmeier;
http://www.fickr.com/photos/manna4u/3065142823/.
48 The distressed condition of the temple prior to renovation work.
49 Excavating the 16-metre-deep slot to the perimeter of the Temple and a
section through the prosed barrier to prevent incursion of water.
51 Careful installation of anchors avoiding hieroglyphs and wall
decorations at the Temple of Hibis, including image of relief carving,
photograph by Roland Unger; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:HibisGate3Dareios1AmunRaMut.jpg.
52 Front elevation of Temple Hibis after the successful installation of the
Cintec anchors with the temporary scaffolding removed, photograph ASartan;
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_Hibis.jpg.
53 Making good the drilled hole to match the original substrate.
54/58 Red Pyramid elevation, photograph Ivrienen;
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Snofrus_Red_Pyramid_in_Dahshur_(2).jpg.
56 Elevation of the Red or North Pyramid, photograph jokertrekker;
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/61834791.
57 Entrance to the Red Pyramid, photograph Sailko; https://commons.wikimedia.
org/wiki/File:Piramide_rossa_di_snefru,_dahshur,_2600_ac._04_ingresso.jpg.
59 Inside the Red Pyramid showing corbels, photograph jokertrekker;
http://www
60 The Giza Pyramids, photograph by Mstyslav Chernov; https://commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Great_Pyramid_of_Giza_(Khufu%E2%80%99s_pyramid),_
Pyramid_of_Khafre,_Pyramid_of_Menkaure_(right_to_left)._Giza,_Cairo,_Egypt,_
North_Africa.jpg.
62 The Step Pyramid of Djoser, Saqqara, before stabilisation, photograph by
Mariam Mohamed Kamal; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Stepped_
Pyramid_of_Djoser_at_Saqqara_2.jpg.
64 A view from the top of the Step Pyramid.
64 Elevation of the Step Pyramid showing traditional timber scaffolding.
67 Corbels.
68 External elevation of the Meidum Pyramid, photograph Kurohito;
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meidoum038.jpg.
69 Section through Meidum Pyramid showing accretions.
70 Corbelling inside the Meidum Pyramid; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Meidum_Pyramide_zentrale_Kammer.jpg.
73 Elevations of the bent Pyramid.
SAVING THE PYRAMIDS_Prelims.indd 9 07/03/2018 12:19x | SAVING THE PYRAMIDS
74 Bent Pyramid north and west entrances.
75 The thermal movement at the corner of the Bent Pyramid.
78 The problem of fnding astronomical due East/West.
80 Great Pyramid corner sockets.
81 Pyramid Geometry.
82 The exposed corner of the Bent Pyramid.
83 Isometrics of the internal ramp construction.
84 Constructing the Grand Gallery, burial chamber and relieving arches of the
Great Pyramid.
85 The distortion in the sides of the Great Pyramid, indicating the access
points for the construction.
85 Line diagram indicating the feasibility of using internal ramps to build the
pyramid.
86 Section showing layered ramps in the construction of the Great Pyramid.
87 How ancient masons created perfectly jointed masonry
88 Great Pyramid external ramp theory
90 The use of traditional rope and timber scaffolding on the repairs to the
Step Pyramid.
91 Suggested method of the use of scaffolding to erect the outer casing of the
pyramids.
92 Sectional isometric showing the method of constructing the Great Pyramid.
94–5 Constructing the pyramidion and outer casing from the top down.
96 Closing the access openings to the internal ramps.
98 Damage caused by thermal expansion to the extremities of the Bent
Pyramid.
99 Illustrations of the thermal effects on the outer casing of the Bent Pyramid.
100 The effect of thermal movement on the outer casing on the pyramids.
102 The Step Pyramid, photograph isawnyu; http://www.fickr.com/
photos/34561917@N04/7887720390/.
104 The Step Pyramid at the commencement of the repairs.
105 The high-level entrance to the burial chamber.
106 The frst view of the remaining random blockwork of the burial chamber in
2006.
107 Past attempts in antiquity to shore up the burial chamber ceiling.
108 An old photograph taken from the bottom of