What happened to veterans of the nations involved in the world wars? How did they fare when they returned home and needed benefits? How were they recognized-or not-by their governments and fellow citizens? Where and under what circumstances did they obtain an elevated postwar status?In this sophisticated comparative history of government policies regarding veterans, Martin Crotty, Neil J. Diamant, and Mark Edele examine veterans' struggles for entitlements and benefits in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Taiwan, the Soviet Union, China, Germany, and Australia after both global conflicts. They illuminate how veterans' success or failure in winning benefits were affected by a range of factors that shaped their ability to exert political influence. Some veterans' groups fought politicians for improvements to their postwar lives; this lobbying, the authors show, could set the foundation for beneficial veteran treatment regimes or weaken the political forces proposing unfavorable policies. The authors highlight cases of veterans who secured (and in some cases failed to secure) benefits and status after wars both won and lost; within both democratic and authoritarian polities; under liberal, conservative, and even Leninist governments; after wars fought by volunteers or conscripts, at home or abroad, and for legitimate or subsequently discredited causes. Veterans who succeeded did so, for the most part, by forcing their agendas through lobbying, protesting, and mobilizing public support. The Politics of Veteran Benefits in the Twentieth Century provides a large-scale map for a research field with a future: comparative veteran studies.
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Extrait
THE POïTïCS OF VETERAN BENEFïTSïN THE TWENTïETH CENTURY
THE POïTïCS OF VETERAN BENEFïTS ïN THE TWENTïETH CENTURY
A COMPARAT I VE HI STORY
M a rt i n C r ot t y,N e i l J . D i a m a nt,a n d M a r k E d e l e
A rîghts reserved. Exçept or rîe quotatîons în a revîew, thîs ook, or parts thereo, must not e reproduçed în any orm wîthout permîssîon în wrîtîng rom the puîsher. For înormatîon, address Corne Unîversîty Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, ïthaça, New York 14850. Vîsît our wesîte at çornepress.çorne.edu.
Fîrst puîshed 2020 y Corne Unîversîty Press Prînted în the Unîted States o Amerîça
îrary o Congress Cataogîng-în-Puîçatîon Data
ïntroduçtîon: Veterans în Comparatîve Perspeçtîve 1. Vîçtors Vîçtorîous 2. Vîçtors Deeated 3. BeneIts or the Vanquîshed 4. The Poîtîçay Weak 5. The Poîtîçay Poweru Conçusîon: Veterans Past, Present, and Future
Notes173 ïndex225
1 14 32 63 93 120
162
A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s
We have a açquîred dets o gratîtude to others în the researçh and wrîtîng that have ed to thîs ook, most separatey, ut some çoeçtîvey as a trîumvîrate. Martîn wîshes to thank the staf at the Natîona îrary o Austraîa, where muçh o the prîmary researçh or the seçtîons on Austraîa was undertaken, and the Austraîan Researçh Counçî and the Unîversîty o Queensand or undîng portîons o thîs researçh. Neî ofers hîs gratîtude to Dîçkînson Co-ege’s Researçh and Deveopment Commîttee, the Unîversîty o Queensand, and the Unîversîty o Meourne or provîdîng trave unds to Austraîa, as we as to Davîd Gerer, a pîoneer în the çomparatîve study o veterans, and the Sçhoo o Soçîa Work at the Unîversîty at Bufao or the opportunîty to dîs-çuss some o the preîmînary Indîngs o thîs ook. He aso açknowedges Shuto Sekoguçhî or hîs researçh assîstançe, Aex Bates or hep wîth transa-tîon, and Sam Aert or rewîng many exçeent çups o çofee whîe wrîtîng at Crazy Moçha. Mark gîves hîs thanks to Brîgîtte Edee or hepîng to re-memer Ernst Jand and to Dera MçDouga or Indîng the ost voume o hîs poetry, to Rustam Gadzhîev, who provîded researçh assîstançe, and to Oeg Beyda and Faon Mody, who heped wîth edîtîng. He aso açknow-edges the assîstançe o an Austraîan Researçh Counçî Future Feowshîp (FT140101100). We woud a îke to thank Emîy Andrew, senîor edîtor at Corne Unîver-sîty Press, or her enthusîastîç emraçe o our proposed ook; Mîçhee Wît-kowskî o Westçhester Puîshîng Servîçes or her skîu and kînd shepherdîng o the manusçrîpt through produçtîon; the anonymous readers or theîr thoughtu and çonstruçtîve çrîtîçîsm; and Ange Açade o the Unî-versîty o Meourne, who read the entîre manusçrîpt and provîded detaîed eedaçk and advîçe on urther sourçes, whîçh ed to varîous ast-mînute çhanges to our text. And we are a appreçîatîve o the support ofered y partners and amîîes. They toerated our asençes and kept the home Ires urnîng whîe we dîd atte wîth arçhîves that were reuçtant to revea theîr seçrets, or drats that resîsted takîng the shape we wanted them to—and put
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
up wîth the Its o asent-mîndedness that aLîçt a sçhoars înçîned to mu over îdeas at înopportune tîmes. Perhaps se-îndugenty, we’d a îke to thank eaçh other too. The wrîtîng meetîngs în Canerra, Meourne, Carîse, and Brîsane have învarîay een ruîtu as we as un, and we have a eneIted enormousy rom exposure to eaçh other’s îdeas, însîghts, and înspîratîon. Earîer versîons o seçtîons în çhapters 2 and 4 were Irst puîshed as part o Martîn Crotty and Mark Edee, “Tota War and Entîtement: Towards a Goa Hîstory o Veteran Prîvîege,”Poîtîcs & HîstoryAustraîan Journa o 59, no. 1 (2013): 25–31. We thank Wîey Puîshîng Goa or permîssîon to reuse some o the materîa here.
ïntroduçtîon Veterans în Comparatîve Perspeçtîve
Sîx sodîers returned rom a war: an Austraîan, an Amerîçan, a Chînese, a Russîan, a German, and a Brît. Eaçh saîd, în theîr respeçtîve anguages to theîr respeçtîve governments and soçîetîes: “War was he; we saçrîIçed; we deserve çompensatîon and respeçt.” Governments çon-sîdered these requests. O these sîx, however, ony three—the Amerîçan, the Austraîan, and the German—reçeîved eves o çompensatîon that çame çose to restorîng what they had ost through theîr war servîçe. Theîr Chînese, Rus-sîan, and Brîtîsh çounterparts reçeîved very îtte. They were pushed asîde wîth arguments rangîng rom “Cîvîîans sufered too,” to “What you dîd was what was expeçted and nothîng more,” to “On the atteIed you may have een a hero, ut here you are just îke everyone ese.” What expaîns suçh wîde varîatîon în postwar outçomes or veterans? Where and under what çondîtîons dîd veterans emerge rom the argest wars în the twentîeth çentury wîth sîg-nîIçant materîa reçompense and hîgher status than theîr çîvîîan çounterparts? Thesearethequestîonsthîsookseekstoanswer. Fîndîng answers wî not e easy—sodîerîng and then veteranhood were experîençed very dîferenty açross spaçe and tîme. Surveyîng the road and-sçape o mîîtary engagements în the twentîeth çentury, we çan Ind sodîers în çuttîng-edge Ighter aîrçrat at thîrty thousand eet, în sumarînes, în tanks and armored personne çarrîers, and most çommony on theîr eet or eîes în Maayan junges, Ukraînîan steppes, and North Arîçan deserts. Asîde rom