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96 pages

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Ireland had a foreign policy and a diplomatic service before there was an internationally recognised independent Irish state. The origins of the modern Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade lie in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs established as one of the first four government departments of the first Dail in January 1919. This richly illustrated book is a history of Irish foreign policy, rather than an institutional history of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade itself (though the two obviously go hand in hand). It explores how a small state such as Ireland has related to the wider world, by examining how Irish diplomats and politicians responded to the challenges presented by the upheavals of the twentieth century and how this small European state engaged with the world, from the Versailles peace conference of 1919 to the globalisation of the twenty-first century.

Sujets

Histoire

Diplomacy

Ireland

International relations

Stephen Ireland

Diplomatie (homonymie)

History

Informations

Publié par	Royal Irish Academy
Date de parution	15 octobre 2019
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781911479239
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0400€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Ireland A voice among the nations
John Gibney, Michael Kennedy, Kate O Malley
Ireland: a voice among the nations
First published 2019 Royal Irish Academy, 19 Dawson Street, Dublin 2 www.ria.ie
Royal Irish Academy
ISBN 978-1-908997-96-8 (HB) ISBN 978-1-908997-97-5 (pdf) ISBN 978-1-911479-23-9 (epub) ISBN 978-1-911479-24-6 (mobi)
All rights reserved. The material in this publication is protected by copyright law. Except as may be permitted by law, no part of the material may be reproduced (including by storage in a retrieval system) or transmitted in any form or by any means; adapted; rented or lent without the written permission of the copyright owners or a licence permitting restricted copying in Ireland issued by the Irish Copyright Licensing Agency CLG, 63 Patrick Street, D n Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, A96 WF25.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Editor: Helena King Design: Fidelma Slattery Index: Lisa Scholey Printed in Poland by L&C Printing Group
Royal Irish Academy is a member of Publishing Ireland, the Irish book publishers association
5 4 3 2 1
Image on following pages: A depiction of the Irish Poplar by Kenneth King. This was the first vessel commissioned by the state-owned company Irish Shipping, originally established in 1941 to guarantee Ireland s overseas supply lines during the Emergency .
Illustration on cover and throughout is a detail from a logo designed in the 1950s for the Cultural Relations Committee s publications.
Contents
Acknowledgments
A note on conventions
Introduction
1919-1922
1922-1932
1932-1939
1939-1948
1948-1955
1955-1957
1957-1968
1968-1973
1973-1985
1985-1998
1998-2019
Glossary
Ministers in office
Secretaries and Secretaries general
Timeline of mission openings
Select bibliography
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank a number of people for their help in completing this book. At the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, we are grateful for the assistance provided by Fiona Flood, Patrick McDonagh, Ralph Victory and Aidan O Hara, and would like to acknowledge the wholehearted support of Secretary General Niall Burgess for this project. We also thank those current and former members, and relatives of members, of the department who commented on the text or who shared their experiences, insights and personal collections with us: Frank Aiken, Frank Cogan, Jill Corish, Marie Cross, Donal Denham, Noel Dorr, Padraig Francis, Gerard Keown, Orla McBreen, Bobby McDonagh, Rory Montgomery, Orla O Hanrahan, and the family of the late Denis Holmes.
We are grateful to the staff of the various archives and repositories who assisted us in researching and writing this book: Hugh Beckett, Lisa Dolan and Noelle Grothier (Military Archives); James Harte (National Library of Ireland); Barry Houlihan (Hardiman Library, NUI Galway); Deirdre McParland (ESB Archives); Kate Manning (UCD Archives); Brendan Teeling (Dublin Public Libraries); and, at the National Archives of Ireland, former director John McDonough and Zo Reid.
Finally, we would like to thank Eoin Kinsella at Documents on Irish Foreign Policy, our colleagues in the Publications Office of the Royal Irish Academy, and the anonymous reviewers who commented on the text. Any remaining mistakes or omissions are our own.
A note on conventions
Acronyms are commonly used in diplomacy, but for clarity in the text we have given the full names of institutions when they are first mentioned, with acronyms directly following in parentheses and used thereafter. Some important terminology has evolved over time. For example, the Department of External Affairs is now the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade; the former position of secretary to the department is now termed secretary general ; the European Economic Community has become the European Union; and, since the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, the traditional means of describing relations between Britain and Ireland as Anglo-Irish has largely been replaced by British-Irish . Changes in terminology and designation (such as titles of official positions and institutions) have been integrated into the text as required. We have opted for the most commonly used contemporary place names and personal names in the text; with regard to place names, we have indicated modern versions in parentheses, and we have retained individuals preferences for spelling of their personal names (for example, Se n/Sean). The names of capital cities-Dublin, London, etc.-are sometimes used as shorthand for governments and institutions based in those cities.
A common misnomer is to call the independent Irish state the Republic of Ireland . Whereas independent Ireland is a parliamentary republic, the name of the state (in English) is Ireland . Throughout the text, therefore, Ireland is taken to mean both the island of Ireland and, unless otherwise indicated, the independent state that existed after 1922 (including the Irish Free State). Northern Ireland is the official name for the six counties retained within the United Kingdom after 1920 and is used accordingly.
Introduction
Ireland has the unusual distinction of having had a foreign policy and a diplomatic service before there was an internationally recognised independent Irish state. The roots of both lie in the turmoil of the Irish revolution and the remoulding of the international order in the aftermath of the First World War. The origins of the modern Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade lie in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs established as one of the first four government departments of the first D il in January 1919. Since before the Easter Rising of 1916 republicans had anticipated Ireland making a claim for the recognition of its independence at a post-First World War peace conference, and the new foreign affairs ministry was intended to do that. Thus, a mission was established in Paris.
Despite the best efforts of the independence movement, however, the Irish Free State that legally came into existence in December 1922 was a dominion within the British Commonwealth. As a result of Britain s partition of Ireland in 1920 and the creation of Northern Ireland, the Irish Free State comprised only 26 of Ireland s 32 counties.
Independent Ireland sought to carve out an international identity; nevertheless, a key theme that ran through the first three decades of Irish independence was the British-Irish relationship, and the efforts of successive Irish governments to build upon the measure of sovereignty obtained in 1922 against the unstable backdrop of the interwar period.
The Second World War-the Emergency -was, and remains, the greatest international challenge faced by independent Ireland. The state sought to navigate a path between the belligerent powers, ensuring in the process that neutrality would become enshrined as a core principle of Irish foreign policy. The post-war era brought attempts to grapple with new realities, along with efforts to highlight the partition of Ireland to an international audience preoccupied with the Cold War; cultural diplomacy increasingly became part of the state s diplomatic repertoire. The change of government in 1948 opened the door to the severing of Ireland s remaining links to the Commonwealth, and, in April 1949, brought the declaration of Ireland as a republic.
Yet Ireland remained relatively isolated internationally in the first decade of the Cold War. This would change from 1955 onwards, however, following admission to the United Nations. With increased involvement in the UN-such as participation in peacekeeping missions and service on the Security Council at times of great international tension-and the expansion of Ireland s diplomatic footprint into Asia, the 1950s and 1960s could be seen to mark a shift from Ireland s traditional focus on the Anglo-American axis.
By the early 1970s, however, three developments had redefined the scope of Ireland s foreign policy: an official commitment to overseas aid; membership of the European Economic Community (the forerunner of the modern European Union); and the outbreak of conflict-the Troubles -in Northern Ireland in 1969, which brought Anglo-Irish relations back to the fore. After 50 years of independence, the key preoccupations of Ireland s foreign policy were redefined in the 1970s, with a renewed emphasis on multilateralism, in particular via the United Nations; attempts at brokering a peace settlement on the island of Ireland; a commitment to the provision of aid to developing countries; and a commitment to the long-term project of European integration. In the twenty-first century, these remain core planks of Ireland s foreign policy.
This book examines how a small European state has, in the century since its foundation, engaged with the wider world. It is conceived of as an official history of Irish foreign policy, presented through text and images, rather than as an institutional history of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and its predecessors (though the two obviously go hand in hand). The text broadly follows a chronological approach, with some key themes ranging more widely in time; the profound changes of the late 1960s and early 1970s have required that a thematic approach is taken within some of the later chapters. Yet the book is also intended to be a visual essay, in which the diverse range of images and documents reproduced reveal the story of Ireland s engagement with the world since independence. In short, this is a book with a straightforward purpose. It is intended to explore, in a broad sense, how Irish diplomats and politicians responded to the challenges presented by the upheavals of the twentieth century and beyond, from the Paris peace conference of 1919 to the globalisation of the twenty-first century.