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Often translated as “revolt,” a pronunciamiento was a formal, written protest, typically drafted as a list of grievances or demands, that could result in an armed rebellion. This common nineteenth-century Hispano-Mexican extraconstitutional practice was used by soldiers and civilians to forcefully lobby, negotiate, or petition for political change. Although the majority of these petitions failed to achieve their aims, many leading political changes in nineteenth-century Mexico were caused or provoked by one of the more than fifteen hundred pronunciamientos filed between 1821 and 1876.

The first of three volumes on the phenomenon of the pronunciamiento, this collection brings together leading scholars to investigate the origins of these forceful petitions. From both a regional and a national perspective, the essays examine specific pronunciamientos, such as the Plan of Iguala, and explore the contexts that gave rise to the use of the pronunciamiento as a catalyst for change. Forceful Negotiations offers a better understanding of the civil conflicts that erupted with remarkable and tragic consistency following the achievement of independence, as well as of the ways in which Mexican political culture legitimized the threat of armed rebellion as a means of effecting political change during this turbulent period.

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Mexico

History of the Americas

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Publié par	Nebraska Paperback
Date de parution	01 janvier 2011
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9780803234437
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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ForcefulNegotiations

The Mexican ExperienceH. Beezley, series editor| William

ForcefulNegotiations

The Origins of the Pronunciamientoin NineteenthCentury Mexico

Edited and with an introduction byw i l l ฀f o w l e r

University of Nebraska Press | Lincoln & London

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Forceful negotiations: the origins of the pronuncia miento in nineteenthcentury Mexico / edited and with an introduction by Will Fowler. p. cm. — (Mexican experience) Includes bibliographical references. isbn 9780803225404(pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Mexico—Politics and government—1821–1861. 2. Mexico—History—1821–1861. 3.Political culture—Mexico—History—19th century. 4. Political violence—Mexico—History—19th century.5. Revolutions—Mexico—History—19th century.6. Government, Resistance to—Mexico— History—19th century.7. Legitimacy of govern ments—Mexico—History—19th century. I. Fowler, Will,1966– f1232.f6828 2010 972'.04—dc22 2010017777

Contents

Preface | vii Acknowledgments | xi Introduction:The NineteenthCentury Practice of the Pronunciamiento and Its Origins| xv Chronology of Main Events and Pronunciamientos,1821–1853| xli

1. Iguala:The Prototype|1t imot h y ฀ e . ฀ a nna 2. Agustín de Iturbide:From the Pronunciamiento of Iguala to the Coup of1822|22 ฀ i va na ฀ fr a s quet ฀ & ฀ m a nue l ฀ c hust 3Reactions to the Illegitimate Succession of. Two 1828: Campeche and Jalapa|47 jo se fina ฀ z or a ida ฀ v z que z 4Prefects, and Pronunciamientos:. Municipalities, Power and Political Mobilizations in the Huasteca during the First Federal Republic|74 mic h a e l ฀ t. ฀ duc ey 5. The Origins of the Pronunciamientos of San Luis Potosí: An Overview|101 k e r ry ฀ mcd ona ld

฀6. The British and an Early Pronunciamiento,1833–1834|125 mic h a e l ฀ p. ฀ c o ste loe ฀ 7. The Origins of the Santiago Imán Revolt,1838–1840: A Reassessment|143 s h a r a ฀ a li ฀ 8.A Reluctant Advocate:Mariano Otero and the Revolución de Jalisco|162 ฀ me lis sa ฀ boy d ฀ 9. Constitution and Congress:A Pronunciamiento for Legality, December1844|180 ฀ r ey na ld o ฀ s or d o ฀ c e de o 10. “The Curious Manner in Which Pronunciamientos Are Got Up in This Country”:The Plan of Blancarte of26July1852|203 ฀ ro s ie ฀ d oy l e ฀11. Inventing the Nation:The Pronunciamiento and the Construction of Mexican National Identity,1821–1876|226 g e r m  n ฀ m a rt ne z ฀ m a rt ne z 1฀ 2. “I Pronounce Thus I Exist”:Redeﬁning the Pronunciamiento in Independent Mexico,1821–1876|246 w ill ฀ f ow l e r

Bibliography |267 Contributors |309

Preface

Following the achievement of independence in1821, Mexico en tered a period of marked instability. The young nation was crip pled by its elevenyearlong civil war and a hostile international context in which, apart from Britain and the United States, most European countries initially refused to recognize its independence. The following decades would be characterized by chronic turmoil. Mexico fought four international wars against Spain (1829), France (1838and1862–67), and the United States (1846–48). Following the MexicanAmerican War Mexico lost half of its national terri tory. Moreover, the new political order lacked authority, and its legitimacy was constantly challenged. Four different constitutions were adopted (1824,1836,1843, and1857). Mexico was an empire on two occasions (1822–23and1864–67), a federal republic (1824–35, 1846–53,1855–58), a central republic (1835–46), and a dictatorship (1846,1853–55). In the wake of the War of Independence civil con ﬂict resulted in a militarized society and a politicized army. More than ﬁfteen hundredpronunciamientoserupted between the1821Plan of Iguala and the1876Plan of Tuxtepec that brought Porﬁrio Díaz to power. In a number of cases they degenerated into clashes of appalling violence, such as the Mexico City Parián Riot of1828. In others they resulted in brutal civil wars (1832,1854–55,1858– 60). In many cases, however, demands were appeased or quelled

depending on how many pronunciamentos of allegiance they re ceived. They resulted in forceful negotiations. Often translated as “revolt,” the pronunciamiento was a writ ten protest or petition, often drafted as a list of grievances or de mands and signed by a group of individuals and/or a corporate body (highranking ofﬁcers, town council ofﬁcials, villagers, etc.), that could result in an armed rebellion if the government did not attend to the demands. As early as the1820s the pronunciamiento had already acquired in Spain and in Mexico the particular set of norms, procedures, and use of discursive strategies that set it apart from a common revolt or military uprising. The actual pronun ciamiento texts oractasand plans became an integral part of the proceedings. These bureaucratic components were precisely what made the pronunciamiento such a distinctive revolutionary prac tice—one that, interestingly, would become signiﬁcantly prevalent only in Spain, Mexico, and Central America. Althoughpronun ciamientois still deﬁned in most dictionaries and encylopedias as a military uprising or coup, in reality it was not always a military action, it was generallynotconcerned with overthrowing the gov ernment, and quite frequently it wasnota response to a develop ment in national politics. As analyzed in the essays that make up this volume, the pronunciamiento was a nineteenthcentury His panoMexican extraconstitutional political practice that soldiers and civilians used to negotiate or petition forcefully for political change, both at a national and at a local level, in the absence of a clearly established constitutional order. In this ﬁrst of three planned edited volumes on the nineteenth century Mexican pronunciamiento, we provide a collection of in dividual yet interrelated studies on the origins of this practice. The contributors aim to explain where this forceful way of seeking to

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Preface

effect change originated and how it became so widespread and popular in independent Mexico. Trendsetting pronunciamien tos such as the1821Plan of Iguala, speciﬁc early pronunciamien tos such as the1829Plans of Campeche and Jalapa, and the emer gence of the patterns and modes of political behavior that would become a hallmark of nineteenthcentury Mexico are all analyzed in individual studies that complement one another in a ground breaking work combining essays by leading authorities in the ﬁeld with the work of a new generation of scholars. Forceful Negotiationsprovides an innovative and revisionist col lection of essays that seek to explain the origins, nature, and dy namics of the pronunciamiento with a view to understanding the culturalpolitical frameworks in which an aggressive extraconsti tutional practice like this could become the standard means of in forming and inﬂuencing policy. We hope the volume offers read ers a challenging collection of interpretations of and explanations for the ways in which Mexican political culture legitimized the threat of armed rebellion as a means of effecting political change during this turbulent period.

Preface