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In The Fascist Effect, Reto Hofmann uncovers the ideological links that tied Japan to Italy, drawing on extensive materials from Japanese and Italian archives to shed light on the formation of fascist history and practice in Japan and beyond. Moving between personal experiences, diplomatic and cultural relations, and geopolitical considerations, Hofmann shows that interwar Japan found in fascism a resource to develop a new order at a time of capitalist crisis. Hofmann demonstrates that fascism in Japan was neither a European import nor a domestic product; it was, rather, the result of a complex process of global transmission and reformulation. Far from being a vague term, as postwar historiography has so often claimed, for Japanese of all backgrounds who came of age from the 1920s to the 1940s, fascism conjured up a set of concrete associations, including nationalism, leadership, economics, and a drive toward empire and a new world order.

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Histoire

20th century

Italy

History of Asia

History of Europe

My Last Duchess

Japan

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Publié par	Cornell University Press
Date de parution	16 novembre 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9780801456367
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	3 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,7500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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THE FASCIST EFFECT

ST H EO F T U D I E S WE AT H E R H E A DEA S TAS I A NIN S T I T U T E , CO L U M B I AUN I V E R S I T Y

The Weatherhead East Asian Institute is Columbia University’s center for research, publication, and teaching on modern and contemporary East Asia regions. The Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute wereinauguratedin1962tobringtoawiderpublictheresultsof signiﬁcant new research on modern and contemporary East Asia.

THE FASCIST EFFECT Japan and Italy, 1915–1952

Reto Hofmann

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA AND LONDON

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.

First published 2015 by Cornell University Press

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hofmann, Reto, 1975–author. The fascist effect : Japan and Italy, 1915–1952 / Reto Hofmann. pages cm. — (Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-5341-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Japan—Relations—Italy. 2. Italy—Relations—Japan. 3. Fascism— Japan—History. 4. Fascism—Italy—History. 5. Political culture— Japan. 6. Political culture—Italy. 7. Japan—Civilization—Italian inﬂuences. 8. Japan—Politics and government—1912–1945. 9. Italy—Politics and government—1914–1945. I. Title.

DS849.I8H64 2015 327.5204509'04—dc23

2014032607

Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood ﬁbers. For further informa-tion, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.

Cloth printing 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Cover design: Richanna Patrick. Cover photograph: Shimoi Harukichi posing with portrait of Benito Mussolini, early 1920s. Shimoi wears the uniform of the Italian shock troops (Arditi) who held the city of Fiume (Rijeka) in 1919–1920. From Shimoi Harukichi, Taishenchû no Itaria (Tokyo, 1926).

To my parents, Karl and Yvonne Hofmann

Contents

Acknowledgments

Introduction 1. Mediator of Fascism: Shimoi Harukichi, 1915–1928 2. The Mussolini Boom, 1928–1931 3. The Clash of Fascisms, 1931–1937 4. Imperial Convergence: The Italo-Ethiopian War and Japanese World-Order Thinking, 1935–1936 5. Fascism in World History, 1937–1943 Epilogue: Fascism after the New World Order, 1943–1952

Notes Bibliography Index

1 8 38 63

89 109 136

143 177 195

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to many people for support throughout the writing of this book. I owe my greatest debt to Carol Gluck, who has provided guidance and criticism at every stage of the project, giving more of her time than I could have expected. I thank Victoria de Grazia for helping me think through Italian history and for her encouragement; Greg Pﬂugfelder, for offering his advice on all matters whenever I needed it; Harry Harootunian, for his sharp reading of various drafts and his thought-provoking seminars; Kim Brandt, for her constructive criti-cism of an earlier version of the manuscript. The book beneﬁted immensely from the comments I received from Bain Attwood, Mehmet Dosemeci, Federico Finchelstein, Takashi Fujitani, Janis Mimura, Sam Moyn, and Umemori Naoyuki. I was fortunate to have many friends and colleagues who helped me by reading drafts or discussing ideas. I am particularly grateful to Adam Bronson, Alex Bukh, Giuliana Chamedes, Adam Clulow, Chad Diehl, Yumi Kim, Federico Marcon, Ben Martin, Ben Mercer, Dominique Reill, Sagi Schaefer, Saikawa Takashi, Sakuma Ken, Shōda Hiroyoshi, Suzuki Tamon, Brian Tsui, Max Ward, and Steve Wills. At Columbia, Mark Mazower shared his thoughts on the historiography of fas-cism. In Japan I beneﬁted from participating in the seminars of Hori Makiyo and Umemori Naoyuki at Waseda University and in Nagai Kazu’s seminar at Kyoto University. More recently, at Monash University, colleagues and members of my research seminar, too numerous to name individually, tuned into the ﬁnal stages of the manuscript, giving invaluable feedback on several chapters. Back in the late twentieth century, at the University of Western Australia, Richard Bosworth and Rob Stuart laid the groundwork for this project as inspiring teach-ers and undergraduate advisers. Warmest thanks go to Kuribayashi Machiko, who kindly granted me access to her family’s private papers, welcoming me on repeat visits for over a decade. Many individuals in Italy helped in dealing with the intricate archives and librar-ies in Rome. A fellowship at Columbia’s Weatherhead East Asian Institute gave me time to work on the manuscript—I thank Myron Cohen and Waichi Ho for making this into an intellectually stimulating experience in a friendly envi-ronment. At Cornell University Press, Roger Haydon offered expert editorial oversight. I was fortunate to present my work at a number of scholarly meetings, in-cluding the Seminar on Modern Japan at Columbia University and the History

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