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When Porfirio Díaz extended his modernization initiative in Mexico to the administration of public welfare, the families and especially the children of the urban poor became a government concern. Reforming the poor through work and by bolstering Mexico’s emerging middle class were central to the government’s goals of order and progress. But Porfirian policies linking families and work often endangered the children they were supposed to protect, especially when state welfare institutions became involved in the shadowy traffic of child labor. The Mexican Revolution, which followed, generated an unprecedented surge of social reform that was focused on families and accelerated the integration of child protection into public policy, political discourse, and private life.

In ways that transcended the abrupt discontinuities and conflicts of the era, Porfirian officials, revolutionary leaders, and social reformers alike invoked idealized models of the Mexican family as the primary building block of society, making families, especially those of Mexico’s working classes, the object of moralizing reform in the name of state construction and national progress. Domestic Economies: Family, Work, and Welfare in Mexico City, 1884–1943 analyzes family practices and class formation in modern Mexico by examining the ways in which family-oriented public policies and institutions affected cross-class interactions as well as relations between parents and children.

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Histoire

México

History of the Americas

Mexico

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Publié par	Nebraska Paperback
Date de parution	01 janvier 2010
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9780803226937
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	3 Mo

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d o m e st i c e c o n o m i e s

Engendering Latin America e d i t o r s : Donna J. Guy Ohio State University Mary Karasch Oakland University Asunción Lavrin Arizona State University

Dome stic economies

Family, Work, and Welfare in Mexico City,1884–1943

Ann S. Blum

university of nebraska press§lincoln and london

Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

Portions of chapter5previously appeared as “Dying of Sadness: Hospitalism and Child Welfare, Mexico City,1920–1940,” in Disease in the History of Modern Latin America: From Malaria to AIDS, ed. Diego Armus (Durhamnc: Duke University Press, 2003),209–36; portions of chapter6previously appeared as “Cleaning the Revolutionary Household: Domestic Servants and Public Welfare in Mexico City,1900–1935,” inJournal of Women’s History15, no.4(Winter2004):67–90; and chapter7previously appeared as “Breaking and Making Families: Adoption and Public Welfare, Mexico City,1938–1942,” inSex in Revolution: Gender, Politics, and Power in Modern Mexico, ed. Jocelyn Olcott, Mary Kay Vaughan, and Gabriela Cano (Durhamnc: Duke University Press,2006),127–44.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Blum, Ann Shelby,1950– Domestic economies: family, work, and welfare in Mexico City, 1884–1943/ Ann S. Blum. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-8032-1359-3(paper : alk. paper) 1. Family—Mexico—Mexico City—History—19th century. 2. Family—Mexico—Mexico City—History—20th century. 3. Child welfare—Mexico—Mexico City—History.4. Child labor—Mexico—Mexico City—History.5. Labor—Mexico— Mexico City—History.6. Mexico City (Mexico)—Social con-ditions—20th century.7. Mexico—Politics and government— 1867–1910.8. Mexico—Politics and government—1910–1946. 9. Díaz, Porﬁrio,1830–1915—Political and social views.10. Díaz, Porﬁrio,1830–1915—Title.Inﬂuence. I. hq562.15.m49b55 2009 306.850972'53—dc22 2009023607

Set in Monotype Bulmer. Designed by A. Shahan.

An image has been masked due to copyright limitations.

Contents

List of Illustrations Selective Chronology Acknowledgments Introduction:Childhood, Class, and Family in Mexico City

part one The Porﬁrian Family:Child Welfare, Child Labor, and Child Nurture,1884–1912 1 Porﬁrian Patterns and Meanings of Child Circulation:Child Labor and Child Welfare in the Capital City2or Love: Labor Trends in Porﬁrian Adoption Practice3 Moral and Medical Economies of Motherhood:Infant Feeding at the Mexico City Foundling Homepart two Reworking the Family:Family Relations and Revolutionary Reform,1913–1943 4Family in the Revolutionary Order: The Conceptual Foundations5 The Revolutionary Family:Children’s Health and Collective Identities6Economies: Domestic Family Dynamics, Child Labor, and Child Circulation7 Breaking and Making Families: Adoption, Child Labor, and Women’s Work Conclusion:Family, Work, and Welfare in Modern Mexico Notes Bibliography Index

vi vii xi

105

129

183

221

251

259 299 333

Illustrations

1 Map of central Mexico City 2of Mexico City and environs Map 3Orphans at Their Mother’s Grave4in Mexico City Kidnappers 5of Masthead El Álbum de la Mujer6Three Mothers with Their Children7 Boys at the site of Madero’s murder 8and Palavicini at a charity event Carranza 9 Jury and instructions forEl Hogar’s healthy baby contest 10 Winners ofEl Hogar’s healthy baby contest 11 Photographs of children 12 Mexican mothers: Give the fatherland healthy children! 13 Beautiful examples of strong men and healthy women of tomorrow 14and nurses attending to babies in Doctors the Casa de Cuna 15the Casa de Cuna now substitutes How for the home 16people’s health is national wealth The 17selling newspapers on the street Boys 18domestic on a public street Young 19 Portrait of girls in the Hospicio de Niños 20of boys in the Hospicio de Niños Portrait 21call to Mexican women A 22a child from the Casa de Cuna Adopt 23of a family with servants Portrait

7 13 38 43 82 101 119 121

141 143 144

149

152

168

174 176 200 206 231 231 233 234 257

Selective Chronology

1767 Casa de Niños Expósitos (Foundling Home) was founded in Mexico City, capital of New Spain. 1774de Pobres (Poorhouse) was founded in Mexico City. Hospicio 1821won independence from Spain. Mexico 1856–61Reforma (The Reform): the Constitution of La 1857established the separation of church and state and brought the life cycle under state authority. A series of laws and decrees on marriage and the family followed. New laws also brought primary education and welfare institutions under federal authority, but owing to lack of funds, welfare administration was soon handed over to the Mexico City Ayuntamiento (City Council). 1862–67Imperio (Second Empire): Mexican conservatives installed Segundo Maximilian as emperor. 1867was defeated and the republic restored. Benito Juárez Maximilian became president. 1871 Liberal civil code was issued, omitting formal adoption. 1876–1911politics during this era were dominated by perennial Porﬁriato: president General Porﬁrio Díaz. 1877City’s public welfare institutions came under federal Mexico administration. 1883 Concepción Gimeno de Flaquer launchedEl Álbum de la Mujer. 1884 Revised civil code was issued. 1884 Hospicio de Pobres was restricted to children and renamed the Hospicio de Niños. 1898 Dr. Miguel Domínguez was appointed director of the Mexico City foundling home and began implementing new wet nurse regulations. 1905Hospicio de Niños opened on the New calzadaSan Antonio Abad. 1910 Centennial of Mexico’s independence movement was celebrated. 1910 Francisco I. Madero challenged the reelection of Porﬁrio Díaz and called for revolution. 1911resigned and went into exile. Madero entered Mexico City and Díaz took up presidency.

1913Decena Trágica (Tragic Ten Days), Mexico City: In the February coup against Madero, he and his vice president were killed. 1913–14 Constitutionalist forces, led by Venustiano Carranza, fought federal forces, led by Victoriano Huerta. 1914 Francisco (Pancho) Villa broke with the Constitutionalists, who then retreated to Veracruz. Villistas and Zapatistas occupied Mexico City. 1914 First Constitutionalist decree on divorce was issued. 1916Pan-American Congress on the Child was held in Montevideo, First Uruguay. 1916 Convención Constitucional (Constitutional Convention) was held in Querétaro. 1917 Constitution and Ley sobre Relaciones Familiares (Law of Family Relations) were issued. Constitutional Article123limited child labor. Family law instituted formal adoption. 1920–24Obregón served as president. Alvaro 1921 Primer Congreso Mexicano del Niño (First Mexican Congress on the Child) was organized by Félix Palvicini, director of the Mexico City newspaperEl Universal. 1921Semana del Niño (Week of the Child) was held in conjunction La with the centennial celebration of Mexican independence. 1922of the Centros de Higiene Infantil (Child Health Centers) First opened in Mexico City. First Mother's Day celebrated in Mexico. 1923 Second Congreso Mexicano del Niño took place. 1924–28Elías Calles served as president. Plutarco 1926City Tribunal para Menores (Juvenile Court) was estab- Mexico lished. 1926–29Cristiada (Cristero Rebellion) pitted the Catholic Church against La the secular revolutionary state over the anticlerical provisions of the 1917constitution. 1928–34 The Maximato: Politics were dominated by political boss Plutarco Elías Calles, called the “Jefe Máximo.” 1929Nacional Revolucionario (PNR) was founded. Partido 1928civil code was issued, effective New 1932. 1931labor code was issued. Federal 1933foundling home, ofﬁcially renamed the Casa de Cuna, opened New in suburban Coyoacán. Dr. Federico Gómez became director.

viii

Selective Chronology

1934–40Cárdenas served as president. Lázaro 1935Pan-American Congress on the Child was held in Mexico City. VII 1938 Secretaría de Asistencia Pública (Ministry of Public Assistance) was created. 1938 President Cárdenas expropriated and nationalized U.S.-owned oil companies. 1940–46Ávila Camacho served as president. Manuel 1943 Código del Seguridad Social (Social Security Code) was passed, effective1945.

Selective Chronology