Confucianism and the Succession Crisis of the Wanli Emperor, 1587 , livre ebook

The University of North Carolina Press - Mark C. Carnes , Daniel K. Gardner

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73 pages

English

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Confucianism and the Succession Crisis of the Wanli Emperor, 1587 is set in the Hanlin Academy in Ming dynasty China. Most students are members of the Grand Secretariat of the Hanlin Academy, the body of top-ranking graduates of the civil service examination who serve as advisers to the Wanli emperor. Some Grand Secretaries are Confucian "purists," who hold that tradition obliges the emperor to name his first-born son as successor; others, in support of the most senior of the Grand Secretaries, maintain that it is within the emperor's right to choose his successor; and still others, as they decide this matter among many issues confronting the empire, continue to scrutinize the teachings of Confucianism for guidance. The game unfolds amid the secrecy and intrigue within the walls of the Forbidden City as scholars struggle to apply Confucian precepts to a dynasty in peril.

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Histoire

History

Asia

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Publié par	The University of North Carolina Press
Date de parution	01 juillet 2022
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781469672304
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	3 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1000€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Confucianism and the Succession Crisis of the Wanli Emperor, 1587
REACTING TO THE PAST is an award-winning series of immersive role-playing games that actively engage students in their own learning. Students assume the roles of historical characters and practice critical thinking, primary source analysis, and argument, both written and spoken. Reacting games are flexible enough to be used across the curriculum, from first-year general education classes and discussion sections of lecture classes to capstone experiences, intersession courses, and honors programs.
Reacting to the Past was originally developed under the auspices of Barnard College and is sustained by the Reacting Consortium of colleges and universities. The Consortium hosts a regular series of conferences and events to support faculty and administrators.
Note to instructors: Before beginning the game you must download the Gamemaster s Materials, including an instructor s guide containing a detailed schedule of class sessions, role sheets for students, and handouts.
To download this essential resource, visit https://reactingconsortium.org/games , click on the page for this title, then click Instructors Guide.
Confucianism and the Succession Crisis of the Wanli Emperor, 1587
Third Edition
Daniel K. Gardner and Mark C. Carnes

The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill
2022 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
The University of North Carolina Press has been a member of the Green Press Initiative since 2003.
Cover illustration: Qiu Ying, Civil Service Exam: Chinese Imperial Examination Candidates Gathering Around the Wall Where the Results Are Posted , ca. 1540. Wikimedia Commons.
ISBN 978-1-4696-7080-5 (pbk.: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4696-7230-4 (e-book)
The Library of Congress has cataloged the original edition of this book as follows: Gardner, Daniel K., 1950-.
[Confucianism and the succession crisis of the Wanli emperor] Confucianism and the succession crisis of the Wanli emperor, 1587 / Daniel K. Gardner, Mark C. Carnes.
pages cm.-(Reacting to the Past / Barnard) Originally published:
New York: Pearson/Longman, [2005]. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-393-93727-5 (pbk.)
1. Wanli, Emperor of China, 1563-1620. 2. China-History-Ming dynasty, 1368-1644. 3. Confucianism-Political aspects-China-History- 16th century. 4. Emperors-Succession-China-History-16th century. I. Carnes, Mark C. (Mark Christopher), 1950-. II. Carnes, Mark C. (Mark Christopher), 1950-. Confucianism and the succession crisis of the Wanli emperor. III. Title. DS753.6.W37C37 2013 951\026-dc23 2013042600]
CONTENTS
KEY NAMES, OLD AND NEW SPELLINGS, WITH SIMPLIFIED PRONUNCIATION
THE EXAM
INTRODUCTION: THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT
GAME CONTEXT: THE HISTORICAL RECORD AND COUNTERFACTUAL PREMISES, AFTER 1587
BASIC OUTLINE OF THE GAME
Wanli Emperor
The First Grand Secretary
The Grand Secretaries
THE IMPASSE
CONCLUSION
RULES
SPECIAL RULES
BEHAVIOR OF EMPEROR DURING AUDIENCES WITH ACADEMICIANS
PUNISHMENT OF GRAND SECRETARIES
HISTORICAL CONTEXT: THE MING DYNASTY
CHRONOLOGY OF THE WANLI EMPEROR: 1563-1587
CONFUCIUS AND CONFUCIANISM
CONFUCIUS AND HIS TIME
CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY
Major Concepts of Confucianism
On Spirits and Ancestors
Confucian Morality and Government
THE IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS OF THE CHINESE STATE: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A CONFUCIAN ORTHODOXY
SYSTEM OF EXAMS UNDER THE MING
CONCEPT OF HISTORY AND DYNASTIC RULE
ORAL PRESENTATIONS AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS
SEQUENCE OF CLASSES
CLASS 1 : INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSION OF THE ANALECTS / SELECTION OF WANLI
Questions to Consider
CLASS 2: DISCUSSION OF ANALECTS/ SELECTION OF FIRST GRAND SECRETARY/DISTRIBUTION OF ROLES
CLASS 3: RAY HUANG S 1587/FGS-WANLI INTERVIEWS/ASSIGNMENT OF 1ST MEMORIAL TOPICS
Reading Questions for Huang s 1587
Interviews and Memorials
CLASS 4: FIRST AUDIENCE WITH WANLI; 1ST MEMORIALS
CLASS 5: SECOND AUDIENCE WITH WANLI; 1ST MEMORIALS (CONT D)
CLASS 6: THIRD AUDIENCE: EMPEROR-FGS RESPONSE / DISCUSSION
CLASS 7: 2ND MEMORIALS
CLASS 8: 2ND MEMORIALS (CONTINUED).
CLASS 9: GAME CONCLUDES: POST MORTEM/EVALUATION
CLOSING VIGNETTE: THE STORY OF ZHANG JUZHENG
APPENDIX A
A MODEL GOVERNMENT FOR THE AGES: THE EARLY TO MID-MING DYNASTY
Zhu Yuanzhang: Idealist and Autocrat
The Yongle Emperor: Warrior and Patron of Culture
The Ming Bureaucracy
Imperial Beijing, the Grand Canal, and the Great Wall
The Transformative Power of Economic Growth
WEALTH AND INSTABILITY: THE MID- AND LATE MING
Silver, Cannon, and Missionaries
Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy
High Culture and Cheap Entertainment
Scholars, Eunuchs, and Cutthroat Politics
Crisis and Collapse
APPENDIX B: PRIMARY DOCUMENTS
THE CANON OF YAO FROM THE BOOK OF HISTORY
THE SHAO ANNOUNCEMENT FROM THE BOOK OF HISTORY
EXCERPT FROM DISCOURSES ON SALT AND IRON
A MEMORIAL ON REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS AS A MEANS OF ENCOURAGING THE MIND-AND-HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE (SUBMITTED IN THE TWELFTH YEAR OF THE ZHENGDE REIGN [1517])
APPENDIX C: RECOMMENDED READING
GENERAL INTEREST
SPECIALIZED / TOPICAL
Key Names, Old and New Spellings, with Simplified Pronunciation
Note on Romanization of Chinese: In this book we use what has become the standard system of transliteration from Chinese, called pinyin . The older system, Wade-Giles, is used in Ray Huang s 1587: A Year of No Significance . When using reference and scholarly works in the library, you will generally find that recent works, those from the past decade or two, use pinyin , while older works use Wade-Giles. It can be more troublesome than this, however, as even today, some scholars-though fewer and fewer-continue to use the Wade-Giles system.
The Exam
You stare at the words. They look familiar and the question follows the usual pattern. You know you have copied that particular analect scores of times-no, hundreds. You have recited it from memory. You have studied and memorized the standard commentary on it by Zhu Xi as well. Your Cram-Book included full discussion of this very analect, suggesting what a model answer for it would be. You had even gone over and over it with your tutor last winter. And yet now, as you scrutinize the words, you re drawing a blank.
You close your eyes, hoping to blink away the fog. When you open them, the characters have grown larger and their forms more distinct, but still no more meaningful. The pressure of the examination has you confused and afraid. You begin to remember the legion of stories of examination candidates haunted in their cells by ghosts and fox fairies who come to settle old scores; you even remember tell of highly promising candidates dropping dead of fear in their cells in the middle of the night. Now you start to wonder: is the confusion and fear you re feeling examination retribution for some wrong you committed? Your mind recounts all sorts of mistakes and errors in judgment you ve made in the last few years alone. You become fixated now on one particular occasion-the time that, professing your love to the poor peasant girl from neighboring Bailian village, you took advantage of her innocence, and then never saw her again. Will her ghost-or her father s ghost perhaps-be paying you a visit? You sit up straight and remind yourself that you must not panic. You must concentrate and put any thoughts of ghosts and fox-fairies entirely out of your mind.
You are sweating, both from fear and the humid heat of the evening, so you slip out of your gown. Perspiration has stained your underwear, bought especially for the examination. You think of the stories in the academy about the Cheat Shorts, embroidered in tiny stitches with texts of all Four Books, including the Analects and Zhu Xi s commentary. Students had joked about this, but you noticed some of the laughter had been forced. One teacher, it was rumored, could provide such underwear for a small fee. Now you wonder: why didn t you approach him? You begin to think back on all the many years you ve devoted to preparing for the civil service examinations. You think back too on the innumerable sacrifices your family has made to enable you to live the examination life. You are desperate to pass, both for your sake and your family s; yet cheating by any means would make a total lie and mockery of the Confucian principles you ve given your life to all these years.
Perhaps the significance of the analect will all come back if you begin to write. You sit at the desk and arrange the paper, smoothing it with your hand. Its glossy perfection shows that it is official paper. Whatever your score, the exam will be kept in the archives. You check the bristles on the goat-hair brush, best for the initial marks. You stir the black ink. Your first stroke must be firm and strong, your calligraphy teacher had said. An essay is like a beautiful house. It must rest upon firm timbers. Then he would tell you, as if you had not heard the story a hundred times, about how he would have been awarded a jinshi or presented scholar degree had his paper not been smudged, or so he learned afterwards. Who had told him, he never said. A slovenly person cannot comprehend the Way of the Master, he admonished, arching his eyebrows.
But his warnings never troubled you. On the contrary, you had always excelled at calligraphy. Even as a young child you liked the shapes of the characters and the varying textures of the brush-strokes. When you were five (you d heard the story often, always retold with novel embellishments) you dipped your fingers in the fish sauce at dinner and trailed them along the bottom of an empty bowl. Stop playing with your food, your mother had said. But one day your oldest brother noticed that, as you smeared the sauce in the bowl, you kept glancing at the tea shop across the street. Then he realized that you were copying the characters on the sign.
The next day your mother walked with you to visit Great Uncl