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Cornell University Press - Michael Geheran

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313 pages

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At the end of 1941, six weeks after the mass deportations of Jews from Nazi Germany had begun, Gestapo offices across the Reich received an urgent telex from Adolf Eichmann, decreeing that all war-wounded and decorated Jewish veterans of World War I be exempted from upcoming "evacuations." Why this was so, and how Jewish veterans at least initially were able to avoid the fate of ordinary Jews under the Nazis, is the subject of Comrades Betrayed. Michael Geheran deftly illuminates how the same values that compelled Jewish soldiers to demonstrate bravery in the front lines in World War I made it impossible for them to accept passively, let alone comprehend, persecution under Hitler. After all, they upheld the ideal of the German fighting man, embraced the fatherland, and cherished the bonds that had developed in military service. Through their diaries and private letters, as well as interviews with eyewitnesses and surviving family members and records from the police, Gestapo, and military, Michael Geheran presents a major challenge to the prevailing view that Jewish veterans were left isolated, neighborless, and having suffered a social death by 1938. Tracing the path from the trenches of the Great War to the extermination camps of the Third Reich, Geheran exposes a painful dichotomy: while many Jewish former combatants believed that Germany would never betray them, the Holocaust was nonetheless a horrific reality. In chronicling Jewish veterans' appeal to older, traditional notions of comradeship and national belonging, Comrades Betrayed forces reflection on how this group made use of scant opportunities to defy Nazi persecution and, for some, to evade becoming victims of the Final Solution.

Sujets

Histoire

World War I

History of Europe

Germany

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Publié par	Cornell University Press
Date de parution	15 octobre 2020
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781501751035
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	3 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,7500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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COMRADES BETRAYED

A volume in the series

Battlegrounds: Cornell Studies in Military History Edited by David J. Silbey

Editorial Board: Petra Goedde, Wayne E. Lee, Brian McAllister Linn, and LienHang T. Nguyen

A list of titles in this series is available at cornellpress.cornell.edu.

COMRADES BETRAYED

J E WI SH WORL D WAR IVE T E RANS UNDE R HI T L E R

B y M i c h a e l G e h e r a n

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS Ithaca and London

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850. Visit our website at cornellpress.cornell.edu.

First published 2020 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Names: Geheran, Michael, 1971– author. Title: Comrades betrayed : Jewish World War I veterans under Hitler / by Michael Geheran. Description: Ithaca [New York] : Cornell University Press, 2020. | Series: Battlegrounds : Cornell studies in military history | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020013010 (print) | LCCN 2020013011 (ebook) | ISBN 9781501751011 (cloth) | ISBN 9781501751028 (epub) | ISBN 9781501751035 (pdf ) Subjects: LCSH: World War, 1914–1918—Veterans— Germany. | Jewish veterans—Germany—Social conditions—20th century. | Antisemitism—Germany— History—20th century. | World War, 1939–1945— Jews—Germany. | Jews, German—History—20th century. | Masculinity—Religious aspects—Judaism. Classification: LCC D639.V48 G34 2020 (print) | LCC D639.V48 (ebook) | DDC 305.892/404308697—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013010 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020013011

Coverphoto: Richard Stern, who was awarded the Iron Cross during World War I, in front of his shop in Cologne during the Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses on 1 April 1933. Courtesy of the NS Documentation Center of the City of Cologne.

To my parents, John and Christa, in love and gratitude, and my wife, Anna, for being my partner in every adventure

Co nte nts

Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xiii

Introduction 1. Reappraising Jewish War Experiences, 1914–18 2. The Politics of Comradeship: Weimar Germany, 1918–33 3. “These Scoundrels Are Not the German People”: The Nazi Seizure of Power, 1933–35 4. Jewish Frontkämpfer and the Nazi Volksgemeinschaft 5. Under the “Absolute” Power of National Socialism, 1938–41 6. Defiant Germanness Epilogue

Notes 215 Bibliography 255 Index 287

117 170 206

vii

A c k n o w l e d g m e nt s

A few sentences could never fully express my gratitude to everyone who helped bring this project to fruition. Without the assistance from my mentors, colleagues, friends, and family, and the support of key institutions, I simply could not have done this work. First and foremost, I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Thomas Kühne. His meticulous and at times highly critical feedback made my work immeasurably better, and over the years he introduced me to a community of scholars with similar interests, which has expanded my academic uni verse immensely. I would also like to thank Geoffrey Megargee and Omer Bartov, who offered invaluable counsel, criticism, and encouragement over many years, and who suffered through all of the project’s variousiterations. I have been blessed to receive assistance from many individu als who have given their time to read and comment on sections of the manuscript at varying stages. For this, I am indebted to Dirk Bönker, Jason Crouthamel, and Dennis Showalter, as well as Benjamin Ziemann, An drew Donson, and Erika Kuhlman, who reviewed the draft manuscript for Cornell University Press. I count myself lucky to have learned from their scholarship, example, and wisdom; any shortcomings and errors are minealone. Over the years, I have profited enormously from professional interactions and personal conversations with numerous brilliant individuals, who have inspired me in ways they may not be fully aware of. In particular, I would like to say thank you to Taner Akçam, Betsy Anthony, Frank Bajohr, Sarah Cushman, Werner Dirks, Małgorzata Domagalsk, Debórah Dwork, Stefanie Fischer, Roland Flade, Jürgen Förster, Tim Grady, Anna Hájková, Ainslie Hepburn, Peter Lande, Natalya Lazar, Andrea Löw, Jürgen Matthäus, Eliot Nidam, Michael Nolte, Darren O’Byrne, Devlin Scofield, Matthew Shields, Joanna Sliwa, Jaan Valsiner, Michael Wildt, and Kim Wünschmann. I am also appreciative of Richard Card for his editorial and stylistic advice. The Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Clark Uni versity brought me into contact with a warm, talented, intellectually curious

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