Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764 by William Smith , livre ebook

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In the fall of 1764, Col. Henry Bouquet led a British-American army into what is today eastern Ohio with the intention of ending the border conflict called "Pontiac's War." Brokering a truce without violence and through negotiations, he ordered the Delawares and Shawnees to release all of their European and Colonial American captives. For the indigenous Ohio peoples, nothing was more wrenching and sorrowful than returning children from mixed parentage and adopted members of their families, many of whom had no memory of their former status or were unwilling to relinquish Native American culture.Provost William Smith of the College of Philadelphia wrote a history of these events in 1765 titled Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764. Subsequent editions and printings appeared in London, Amsterdam, Dublin, and Paris until 1778, making this book the most widely circulated and read work on warfare and diplomacy in the Ohio country to emerge following the Seven Years' War. The literary reputation and impact of Bouquet's Expedition surpassed all similar contemporary works published on either side of the Atlantic and is probably the most prominent description of an Indian captivity narrative available from the eighteenth century. The dramatic return of the captives described by Smith inspired Conrad Richter's 1953 novel The Light in the Forest and the Walt Disney movie of the same name in 1958.This fully annotated edition of Smith's remarkable book, drawn from all the 1765-1778 versions, includes a new introduction with essays on Smith and his contributors and sources, such as Bouquet, Benjamin Franklin, and Edmund Burke, in addition to a new history of the publication. Numerous eighteenth-century images, sketches, drawings, engravings, and paintings are reproduced, and for the first time Benjamin West's two original drawings of Ohio leaders negotiating with Bouquet and the return of the captives are featured. Also included are impressive maps drawn for the book by Thomas Hutchins, Bouquet's engineer, of the Ohio country and the battle of Bushy Run in 1763.Bouquet's Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764 is a lasting contribution to our understanding of early Ohio and of warfare and diplomacy in the eighteenth century.

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Histoire

USA

United States of America

Indigenous peoples

History of the Americas

États-Unis

Ohio

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Publié par	The Kent State University Press
Date de parution	15 juin 2017
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781631012082
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	2 Mo

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BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS IN 1764 by WILLIAM SMITH
BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS IN 1764 by WILLIAM SMITH
Introduced, Edited, and Annotated by Martin West
The Kent State University Press KENT, OHIO
This publication was made possible in part through the generous support of John Doyle Ong.
© 2017 by The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio 44242
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Catalog Number 2016008086
ISBN 978-1-60635-294-6
Manufactured in Korea
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Smith, William, 1727-1803, author. | West, Martin (Former director of Fort Ligonier), editor.
Title: Bouquet’s expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1764 / by William Smith ; introduced, edited, and annotated by Martin West.
Other titles: Historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians
Description: Kent, Ohio : The Kent State University Press, 2016. | Original title: An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016008086 (print) | LCCN 2016010663 (ebook) | ISBN 9781606352946 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781631012082 (ePub) | ISBN 9781631012099 (ePDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Bouquet’s Expedition, 1764. | Pontiac’s Conspiracy, 1763-1765--Campaigns. | Bouquet, Henry, 1719–1765.
Classification: LCC E83.76 .S65 2016 (print) | LCC E83.76 (ebook) | DDC 973.2/7--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016008086
21 20 19 18 17 5 4 3 2 1
To my ancestor Benjamin West, History Painter to the King, Surveyor of the King’s Pictures, and President of the Royal Academy
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Foreword by Michael N. McConnell
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
PART ONE: EDITOR’S INTRODUCTION
William Smith, the Author
Contributors and Sources
Publication of Expedition Against the Ohio Indians , 1765–78
PART TWO: BOUQUET’S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE OHIO INDIANS IN 1764
Preface of the Translator C. G. F. Dumas, with a Sketch of the Life of the Late General Bouquet
William Smith’s Introduction
An Historical Account of Colonel Bouquet’s Expedition, Against the Ohio Indians in the Year 1764.
Postscript.
Reflections on the War with the Savages of North-America.
Appendices I–V
PART THREE: EDITOR’S APPENDICES 1–4
Bibliography
Index
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES Following page 144
Plate 1. Colonel Henry Bouquet , attributed to John Wollaston
Plate 2. Edmund Burke , Studio of Sir Joshua Reynolds
Plate 3. Benjamin Franklin , Mason Chamberlain
Plate 4. Benjamin West , Matthew Pratt
Plate 5. General Johnson Saving a Wounded French Officer from the Tomahawk of a North American Indian , Benjamin West
Plate 6. The Indians Giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet , Benjamin West
Plate 7. The Indians Delivering up the English Captives to Colonel Bouquet , Benjamin West
Plate 8. Sir William Johnson , Matthew Pratt
Plate 9. Jefferies, Map & Printseller of St Martin’s Lane , Paul Sandby
Plate 10. Major Robert Rogers, Commander in Chief of the Indians in the Back Settlements of America , Johann Martin Will
Plate 11. Sir Jeffery Amherst , Joshua Reynolds
Plate 12. A Plan of Fort Ligonier Done by Theodosius McDonald for George Morton , Theodosius McDonald
Plate 13. General The Hon[our]able Tho[ma]s Gage OB[I]T , John Singleton Copley
Plate 14. General John Bradstreet , Thomas McIlworth
FIGURES
Fig. 1. The Reverend William Smith , John Sartain after Benjamin West
Fig. 2. Fourth Street Campus, College of Philadelphia: Academy/College Building and Dormitory/Charity School , Peter Eugène du Simitière
Fig. 3. Defeat and Death of General Edward Braddock in North America , Edmund Scott after David Dodd
Fig. 4. The legend identifying Thomas Hutchins as the draftsman of A General Map of the Country on the Ohio and Muskingham Shewing the Situation of the Indian=Towns
Fig. 5. The Line of March, Disposition to Receive the Enemy, General Attack , and Camp , attributed to Thomas Hutchins
Fig. 6. The title page of De Re militari veterum Romanorum Libri septem [Seven Books on the Art of War of the Ancient Romans] (1597)
Fig. 7. Praevalebit Aequior [The More Equitable Will Prevail] , attributed to Benjamin West
Fig. 8. Savage Warrior Taking Leave of His Family , Francesco Bartolozzi after Benjamin West
Fig. 9. A Study for Pylades , Benjamin West
Fig. 10. Study for the Scene of Colonel Bouquet’s Conference with the Indians , Benjamin West
Fig. 11. The Indians Giving a Talk to Colonel Bouquet , Charles Grignion after Benjamin West
Fig. 12. The Indians Delivering up the English Captives to Colonel Bouquet , Peter Canot after Benjamin West
Fig. 13. Colonel William Bradford , unattributed
Fig. 14. Old London Coffee House=S.W. Corner of Market and Front Street , photograph by James E. McClees
Fig. 15. A General Map of the Country on the Ohio and Muskingham Rivers (lower left map cartouche), Thomas Hutchins
Fig. 16. A General Map of the Country on the Ohio and Muskingham Rivers (lower right map cartouche), Thomas Hutchins
Fig. 17. Title page of William Smith, An Historical Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in the Year 1764
Fig. 18. A Plan of the New Fort at Pitts-burgh or Du Quesne Nov[embe]r, 1759 , John Rocque and Mary Ann Rocque
Fig. 19. Fort Bedford , John Rocque and Mary Ann Rocque
Fig. 20. The Following Is a Rough Sketch of the Whole , attributed to Thomas Hutchins
MAPS
Map 1. A General Map of the Country on the Ohio and Muskingham Shewing the Situation of the Indian=Towns with Respect to the Army under the Command of Colonel Bouquet by Tho[ma]s Hutchins Ass[istan]t Engineer , and A Topographical Plan of That Part of the Indian=Country through Which the Army under the Command of Colonel Bouquet Marched in the Year, 1764 , Thomas Hutchins
Map 2. Plan of the Battle Near Bushy-Run Gained by His Majesty’s Troops, Commanded by Colonel Henry Bouquet over the Delawares, Shawanese, Mingoes, Wyandot’s [ sic ], Mohikans, Miamies & Ottawas, on the 5th and 6th of August, 1763 , Thomas Hutchins
Map 3. Line of March, Disposition to Receive the Enemy, General Attack, Camp , attributed to Thomas Hutchins
FOREWORD
Michael N. McConnell
B ouquet’s Expedition Against the Ohio Indians in 1764 offers a near-contemporary account of the final campaign of the conflict popularly known as “Pontiac’s Rebellion.” Using documents supplied by the expedition’s leader, Colonel Henry Bouquet, William Smith crafted a laudatory narrative of Bouquet’s encounter with Indians at Bushy Run in 1763, and his army’s march from Fort Pitt to the Muskingum Valley in the autumn of 1764. At a time when histories of the recently ended Seven Years’ War in America were appearing in Britain, Smith’s was the only one to deal exclusively with the Indian war that grew out of that global Anglo-French conflict. 1 Yet, while it soon appeared in several editions, Expedition was quickly overshadowed by other events. Bouquet died even as the book was going to press. The British Army slowly reduced its involvement in the trans-Appalachian West and, by 1772, only three small garrisons remained in the Great Lakes basin, while Fort Pitt was abandoned. 2 Moreover, affairs in the West had taken a back seat to the more unsettling problems of how a vast, transatlantic empire should be financed and governed, resulting in the Stamp Act, passed in 1765. British legislation and colonial response—the “Stamp Act crisis”—began a decade-long conflict over the nature of Britain’s empire that led to open rebellion. Smith’s account of the victory of empire over “savages” quickly lost its appeal as the very idea of a British Empire was hotly contested on both sides of the Atlantic. It would be nearly a century before Expedition found a place in American history, thanks to Francis Parkman, whose histories celebrated “manifest destiny” and the westward march of Anglo-American civilization. More recently, Smith’s book has been the subject of study by scholars whose primary interest lies in tracing the influence of the frontier and Native peoples on American national identity. 3
Martin West’s splendid edition of Expedition allows us to see this work in its own terms, as a historical artifact that can be examined for what it can— and cannot—tell us about an important period in American colonial history. In the history of Bouquet’s campaigns, from Bushy Run to the Muskingum, we are able to see how well the British Army adapted to American conditions and the complicated, sometimes contradictory views of Native peoples that emerged as a result of a decade of frontier warfare. At the same time, we notice an absence of any understanding of, or sympathy for, Indian motives and interests, while the heroics attributed to Bouquet and his troops are allowed to overshadow other, more complicating versions of events. West is certainly the best person to produce this latest, indeed, definitive edition of Expedition . He is a lifelong student of regional military and social history and material culture and for thirty years the director of the Fort Ligonier Museum. Moreover, he is a highly skilled, dedicated scholar; the richly annotated text, as well as his own introduction and appendices, are based on meticulous research and a sophisticated understanding of the sources and their authors. Students of the times and events covered by Smith are unlikely to find a better, more authoritative rendering of Expedition .
The events at the heart of Smith’s work grew out of the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) and the peace that followed. By the mid-eighteenth century, the expansion of British and French colonies in North America had created a number of potential flash points from Nova Scotia to the southern Appalachians, in the process making conflict more likely. That collision of empires occurred in the upper Ohio Valley. As the vital gateway to the vast Middle Wes