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Africa

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Publié par	WITS University Press
Date de parution	30 novembre 2017
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781776141784
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	2 Mo

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BETWEEN WORLDS
BETWEEN WORLDS
GERMAN MISSIONARIES AND THE TRANSITION FROM MISSION TO BANTU EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
Linda Chisholm
Published in South Africa by:
Wits University Press
1 Jan Smuts Avenue
Johannesburg, 2001
www.witspress.co.za
Copyright Linda Chisholm 2017
Published edition Wits University Press 2017
Photographs © Copyright holders 2017
Maps redrawn by Wendy Job
First published 2017
978-1-77614-174-6 print
978-1-77614-175-3 PDF
978-1-77614-178-4 EPUB
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, Act 98 of 1978.
All images remain the property of the copyright holders. The publishers gratefully acknowledge the publishers, institutions and individuals referenced in the captions for the use of images. Every effort has been made to locate the original copyright holders of the images reproduced here; please contact Wits University Press in case of any omissions or errors.
Project manager: Hazel Cuthbertson
Copy editor: Lynda Gilfillan
Proofreader: Elsabé Birkenmeyer
Indexer: Tessa Botha
Cover designer: Peter Bosman Guineafolio Design
Typesetter: MPS
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
List of Maps and Figures
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Missionaries in education
Transition from mission to Bantu Education
Transnationalism, colonialism and education
The Hermannsburg Mission Society and education
Conclusion
Chapter 1 Transnational Cooperation, Hermannsburgers and Bantu Education
Who were the Hermannsburgers?
Transnational cooperation
1880–1912
1912–1939
1939–1955
Hermannsburgers, politics and education
Europe and Africa as imagined by Hermannsburgers
Images of Europe and Africa: Heinz Dehnke and Micah Kgasi
Conclusion
Chapter 2 Burning Bethel in 1953: Changing Educational Practices and Control
Bethel Training Institute 1920–1953
Rising tensions, conflagration and immediate reactions: April–May 1953
The investigation
Missionary discourses
Official discourses
Rights of students
The trial
Consequences
Students
Withdrawal of registration and transfer
Conclusion
Chapter 3 Chiefs, Missionaries, Communities and the Department of Native Education
Bethanie 1938–1946
Ramakokstad 1946–1952
Saron, Phokeng 1952–1954
Conclusion
Chapter 4 Negotiating the Transfer to Bantu Education in Natal
Making the decision: 1954
Negotiated dispossession by contract: 1955–1968
Bantu community schools
Farm schools
Private schools
Continuities
Missions, school principals and the Department of Bantu Education
Conclusion
Chapter 5 Curriculum, Language, Textbooks and Teachers
Indigenous languages as languages of instruction
Textbook development as a transnational, colonial activity
Curriculum policy and African responses: 1955
1955 Bantu Education textbook and syllabus policy
Content of readers
Principles of reading instruction
Conclusion
Chapter 6 Umpumulo: From Teacher Training College to Theological Seminary
Changes in the teacher training curriculum: 1945–1955
Gendered social institutional practices
From cautious uncertainty to misgiving
Disillusion and departure
Conclusion
Chapter 7 Transnationalism and Black Consciousness at Umpumulo Seminary
Finance, governance and staffing
Changing identities
Students, the curriculum and relations with the state
The formal curriculum
Limitations on access
The informal curriculum
The Missiological Institute
Student resistance
Asserting moral authority and regulating sexuality
Conclusion
Chapter 8 Bophuthatswana’s Educational History and the Hermannsburgers
Bantu Education and Bantustan education
The Primary Education Upgrade Programme (PEUP): educational progressivism, ethnic nationalism and transnationalism
The PEUP in practice
Academic assessments, programme evaluations and teacher responses
Conclusion
Chapter 9 Inkatha and the Hermannsburgers
Inkatha’s Ubuntu-botho syllabus and the Hermannsburgers
Black Consciousness, independent churches and marginalisation
Conclusion
Chapter 10 Transitions through the Mission
Paulina Dlamini
Naboth Mokgatle
Conclusion
Conclusion
Note on Sources
Notes
References
Index
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Without the financial support of the National Research Foundation’s Incentive Programme for Rated Researchers, the research for this book would not have been possible.
In South Africa a range of friends and colleagues provided insights, advice – and good company. I would like to single out Robert Balfour, Adrienne Bird, Catherine Burns, Keith Breckenridge, Mary and Robin Crewe, Ivor Chipkin, Natasha Erlank, David Fig, Brahm Fleisch, Crispin Hemson, Mudney Halim, Mondli Hlatshwayo, Isabel Hofmeyr, Preben Kaarsholm, Sue Krige, Arianna Lissoni, Gerry Maré, Lebo Moletsane, Noor Nieftagodien, Georg Scriba, Nafisa Essop Sheik, Stephen Sparks, Jane Starfield, Raymond Suttner, Salim Vally, Tony Vis, and Heinrich Voges. A special word of thanks is due to Ulrike Kistner, who so generously shared her wealth of knowledge and experience. During the initial stages, conversations in Germany with Helmut Bley, Klaus-Peter Horn and Eckhardt Fuchs were helpful, while the friendship of the following people made a qualitative difference to my research visits to Germany: Helmut Bley, Hans and Christine Bickes, Tim and Ellen Grünkemeier, Inga-Dorothee Rost and Jacob Jones, Henning and Johanna Marquardt and Susan and Guido von Schöning.
Various archivists and librarians were unstinting in their assistance, and here I wish to thank Rainer Allmann, archivist at the Evangelisch-Lutherisches Missionswerk archives in Hermannsburg, Germany, Alison Chisholm, Gabi Mohale and Sophie Motsewabone at Wits University, Roedina Desai and Riette Zaaiman at the University of Johannesburg, and Annelise Zaverdinos at the Lutheran Theological Institute in Pietermaritzburg. Inge von Fintel at the Hermannsburg, South Africa, archive kindly permitted me to copy the maps, which Wendy Job of the University of Johannesburg re-drew for the book. I am greatly indebted to Heinrich Voges, as well as Horst Meyberg, Georg Scriba and John Aitchison for photographs they placed at my disposal, though regrettably not all could be used; thanks also to Tony Vis and Kim Ludbrook for assistance in improving their quality.
Earlier versions of Chapters 2 and 10 were first published in the South African Historical Journal . My thanks to the Taylor and Francis Group for permission to include the following as reworked chapters in this book: ‘Bantustan Education History: The “Progressivism” of Bophuthatswana’s Primary Education Upgrade Programme, 1979–1988’, South African Historical Journal 65 (3) (2013): 403–420, and ‘Fate Comes to the Mission Schools: Fire at Bethel, 1953’, South African Historical Journal 69 (1) (2017): 121–137.
Thoughtful comments offered by two anonymous reviewers greatly improved the draft, and the scrupulous attention to detail and expression by the copy-editor, Lynda Gilfillan, are appreciated. I also wish to thank the Wits University Press team for their assistance and support. Finally, my thanks to Ralf Krüger who first drew my attention to the Hermannsburgers, and whose good humour and support accompanied me every step of the way.
LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES
FIGURES
Figure 5.1: The first house built in South Africa by Hermannsburg missionaries, at a site named after the place of origin of the mission in Hermannsburg, Germany (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.2: Burnt-out buildings at Bethel Training Institute, 1953 (courtesy Heinrich Voges).
Figure 5.3: Winfried Wickert, co-director of the Hermannsburg Mission South Africa, 1932–1934 and 1937–1957 (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.4: Fritz Scriba, superintendent of the Zulu Mission, Ehlanzeni, Natal, 1954–1970 (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.5: L to R: Wolfram Kistner (general superintendent of the Hermannsburg Mission, South Africa, 1965–1969), Fritz Scriba (superintendent of the Zulu Mission, Natal, 1954–1970), congregants, and mission sisters (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.6: Ehlanzeni Church and Seminary (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.7: Male and female students with mission staff, Ehlanzeni Seminary (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.8: L to R: Missionaries Hans-Jürgen Becken, Wilhelm Kaiser, Fritz Scriba, Heini Fedderke (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.9: Students participate in sports day at Moorleigh Farm School, near Estcourt (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.10: Teacher using a poster to give a lesson on the Ten Commandments (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.11: Hermannsburg missionaries, 1966 (courtesy Georg Scriba).
Figure 5.12: The Primary Education Upgrade Programme team (courtesy Christel Bodenstein).
Figure 5.13: Members of the Primary Education Upgrade Programme team (courtesy Christel Bodenstein).
MAPS
Map 1: Hermannsburg Mission, Transvaal (redrawn by Wendy Job).
Map 2: Hermannsburg Mission, Zululand and Natal (redrawn by Wendy Job).
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Acc.
Accession number (References)
ANC
African National Congress
ASA
Ausland: Südliches Afrika
BMS
Berlin Mission Society
BO
Bantoe onderwys
CAD
Central Archives Depot
CLM
Cooperating Lutheran Missions
DET
Department of Education and Training
ELM H SA
Evangelical Lutheran Mission Hermannsburg South Africa
ELCSA-SER
Evangelical Lutheran Church of South Africa – South Eastern Region
Fedsem
Federal Seminary
GOV
Government Correspondence (References)
HINO
Hoof Inspekteur Naturelle Onderwys (Chief Inspector Native Education)
HMB
Hermannsburg
IFP
Inkatha Freedom Party
IMC
International Missionary Council
INK
Inkanyezi (References)
LTC
Lutheran Theological College
LTI
L