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Description

This landmark volume provides the most comprehensive overview to date of the prehistory and archaeology of the Caddo peoples. The Caddos lived in the Southeastern Woodlands for more than 900 years beginning around AD 800–900, before being forced to relocate to Oklahoma in 1859. They left behind a spectacular archaeological record, including the famous Spiro Mound site in Oklahoma as well as many other mound centers, plazas, farmsteads, villages, and cemeteries.

The Archaeology of the Caddo examines new advances in studying the history of the Caddo peoples, including ceramic analysis, reconstructions of settlement and regional histories of different Caddo communities, Geographic Information Systems and geophysical landscape studies at several spatial scales, the cosmological significance of mound and structure placements, and better ways to understand mortuary practices. Findings from major sites and drainages such as the Crenshaw site, mounds in the Arkansas River basin, Spiro Mound, the Oak Hill Village site, the George C. Davis site, the Willow Chute Bayou Locality, the Hughes site, Big Cypress Creek basin, and the McClelland and Joe Clark sites are also summarized and interpreted. This volume reintroduces the Caddos’ heritage, creativity, and political and religious complexity.

Sujets

Histoire

USA

Archaeology

Indigenous peoples

États-Unis

Informations

Publié par	Nebraska Paperback
Date de parution	01 juin 2012
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9780803240469
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	9 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,2700€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

The Archaeology of the Caddo

Edited by Timothy K. Perttula and Chester P. Walker

University of Nebraska Press Lincoln and London

Chapter 8, “The Evolution of a Caddo Community in Northeastern Texas,” by Timothy K. Perttula and Robert Rogers, was originally published inAmerican AntiquityIt has been slightly72.1 (2007): 71–94. modiﬁed to conform with the editorial guidelines followed for the volume.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The archaeology of the Caddo / edited by Timothy K. Perttula and Chester P. Walker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn978-0-8032-2096-6 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Caddo Indians—History. 2. Caddo Indians— Antiquities. 3. Caddo Indians—Social life and customs. 4. Excavations (Archaeology— Great Plains). 5. Great Plains—Antiquities. I. Perttula, Timothy K. II. Walker, Chester P. e99.c12a73 2012 976'.01—dc23 2011052083

Set in Quadraat and Quadraat Sans. Designed by A. Shahan.

Contents

List of Figures List of Tables Foreword

1. The Archaeology of the Caddo in Southwest Arkansas, Northwest Louisiana, Eastern Oklahoma, and East Texas: An Introduction to the Volume timo th y k . perttula

2. Form and Structure in Prehistoric Caddo Pottery Design ea rly a n n m .

3. At the House of the Priest: Faunal Remains from the Crenshaw Site (3MI6), Southwest Arkansas h . ed win j a c kson , susa n l . sc o tt, a n d fr a n k f. sc ha m b a ch

4. Bioarchaeological Evidence of Subsistence Strategies among the East Texas Caddo d ia n e wi lson

5. Spiro Reconsidered: Sacred Economy at the Western Frontier of the Eastern Woodlands j a mes a . b rown

6. Viewshed Characteristics of Caddo Mounds in the Arkansas Basin g regory vogel

7. Exploring Prehistoric Caddo Communities through Archaeogeophysics c hester p. wa l ker a nd d un c a n p. mc ki nn on

vii xiii xv

117

139

177

8. The Evolution of a Caddo Community in Northeast Texas timo th y k . perttula a nd r ob er t r og er s

9. Settlement Patterns and Variation in Caddo Pottery Decoration: A Case Study of the Willow Chute Bayou Locality j eff rey s. g ir a r d

10. Caddo in the Saline River Valley of Arkansas: The Borderlands Project and the Hughes Site m a ry b eth tr ub itt

11. Spatial Patterns of Caddo Mound Sites in the West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas j a mi j. lockha r t

12. Decisions in Landscape Setting Selection of the Prehistoric Caddo of Southeastern Oklahoma: AgisAnalysis r ob ert l . b r ooks

13. The Character of Fifteenth- to Seventeenth-Century Caddo Communities in the Big Cypress Creek Basin of Northeast Texas timo th y k . perttula

14. The Belcher Phase: Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Caddo Occupation of the Red River Valley in Northwest Louisiana and Southwest Arkansas d a vi d b . kelley

15. The Terán Map and Caddo Cosmology g eorge sa b o i i i

References Cited Contributors Index

209

239

288

313

335

363

411

431

449 499 501

Figures

1-1. Distribution of the main Mississippian period groups in eastern North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1-2. Sites and areas mentioned in the text in the Southern and Northern Caddo areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-3. The geographic extent within the Southern and Northern Caddo areas discussed by contributors in this book . . . . . . . . 15 1-4. Looking south-southwest at the Battle mound site in southwest Arkansas in 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2-1. Map of Arkansas showing the area where the sample of Friendship Engraved,var. Freemanvessels used in this study came from, and the 1938–1950 collecting area of the Henderson State University Museum and Hodges pottery collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2-2. Friendship Engraved,var. Freemancarinated bowl, showing scribing lines laying out the design ﬁelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2-3. The ﬁrst three steps in decoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2-4. The design choices found in the study sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2-5. Finishing stages and options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2-6. Final decorative choices available for the oval-within-an- oval design option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2-7. Examples of “nongrammatical” vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2-8. Friendship Engraved,var. Meadorbowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2-9. Examples of stacked or fused vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3-1. Location of the Crenshaw site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3-2. The Crenshaw site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 3-3. Simpliﬁed plan view of the 1969 and 1983 Arkansas Archeological Survey Excavations at Crenshaw . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3-4. Size distribution of ﬁsh remains from Crenshaw, distributed according to family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3-5. Deer anatomical distribution in structure and midden fan samples, grouped by food utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

3-6. Comparison of percentnispof faunal assemblages from Crenshaw and four Caddo sites in the Red River region . . . . . 77 3-7. Comparison ofmniof faunal assemblages from Crenshaw and four Caddo sites in the Red River region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3-8. Comparison of relative bone weight contributions by family to the Crenshaw and McLelland faunal assemblages . . . . . . . . 79 13 15 4-1. The relationship between apatite delta C and delta N collagen values through time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 13 15 4-2. The relationship between apatite delta C and delta N collagen values through time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5-1. The Craig mound from the northwest during the winter of 1913–1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 5-2. The Great Mortuary ﬂoor showing the approximate location of the major cult ﬁgures and other furniture recovered by the relic hunters among the litter burial constructions and other features uncovered by thewpa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 6-1. Relief map showing locations of sites employed in this study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6-2. Viewshed size from the ground surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6-3. Viewshed size from mound summits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 6-4. Gain in mound viewsheds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6-5. Mound viewsheds plotted by echelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6-6. Mound viewsheds ranked against the statistical background of 99 generated samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6-7. Relief map showing viewshed from the summit of Brown mound at Spiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6-8. Relief map showing viewshed from the Craig mound at Spiro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6-9. Relief map showing viewshed from the Cavanaugh mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 6-10. Topographic cross-section across the Poteau/Arkansas bottoms, with mound base and summit elevations . . . . . . . . 168 6-11. Relief map showing viewsheds from Mound I–II at Norman, Mound Unit 7 at Harlan, and Fort Davis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 6-12. View from the bottoms approximately 2 km north of Ewing Chapel Cemetery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7-1. The magnetometer survey areas at the George C. Davis site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

7-2. Interpretive map showing the architectural features iden- tiﬁed in the magnetometer surveys and past archeological excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7-3. Examples of button houses at the George C. Davis site . . . . . 185 7-4. The excavated and geophysical architectural features from the George C. Davis site, including the structures excavated under Mound A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 7-5. Locations of possible plazas and community spaces at the George C. Davis site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 7-6. The location of Area A and Area B at the Hill Farm site, channel lakes of the Red River, and an ancient abandoned stream channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 7-7. Plan of Area A collection blocks and interpretation of the geophysical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7-8. Plan of Area B collection blocks and interpretation of the geophysical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 7-9. Detail of the western portion of the 1691 Terán map showing the old abandoned channel of the Red River and the house- hold compounds that may represent the likely area of the Hill Farm site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7-10. Total coverage of the magnetic gradiometry survey at the Battle site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 7-11. Clusters of possible structures, a community cemetery, a potential compound fence, a borrow pit, and a possible linear causeway identiﬁed in the Battle site archaeogeo- physical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7-12. House 6 at the Belcher site compared with a small circular structure with a possible extended entranceway identiﬁed in the Battle site data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 7-13. A complex grouping of high magnetic values forms a possible farmstead with a compound fence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 7-14. Numerous circular structures located on two rises east of the large mound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 7-15. Structure 1 at the McLelland site compared with two large circular structures identiﬁed in the Battle mound site data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 7-16. Structure at the Werner site compared with the several concentric circular patterns identiﬁed in the Battle mound site data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205