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193 pages

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A deadly confrontation at Kent State University between Vietnam War protesters and members of the Ohio National Guard occurred in the afternoon on May 4, 1970. What remained, along with the tragic injuries and lives lost, was a remarkable array of conflicting interpretations and theories about what happened-and why.Above the Shots sheds new light on this historic event through the recollections of more than 50 narrators, whose stories are unique and riveting: the former mayor of Kent a witness to the riot in town a few nights earlier a protester who helped burn the ROTC building a Black United Students member who was warned to stay away from the protest a Vietnam veteran who deplored the counterculture yet administered first aid to the wounded a friend of one of the mortally wounded students, who died in his arms a guardsman sympathetic to the students a faculty member supportive of the Guard an outraged student who went to the state capital to make a citizen's arrest of Governor Rhodes a pair of former KSU presidents who, years later, courted controversy by how they chose to memorialize the tragedy. From the precipitous cultural conflicts of the 1960s to the everraging battle over how to remember the Kent State incident, the authors examine how these accounts challenge and deepen our understanding of the shootings, the Vietnam Era, memory, and oral history. Spanning five decades, Above the Shots not only chronicles the immediate chain of events that led to the shootings but explores causes and consequences, prevailing conspiracies, and the search for catharsis. It is a narrative assemblage of voices that rise above the rhetoric-above the din-to show how a watershed moment in modern American history continues to speak to us.

Sujets

Histoire

USA

United States of America

History of the Americas

États-Unis

Ohio

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Publié par	The Kent State University Press
Date de parution	15 mai 2016
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781631012341
Langue	English

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Above the Shots
Above
THE SHOTS
An Oral History of the Kent State Shootings
CRAIG S. SIMPSON AND GREGORY S. WILSON
The Kent State University Press Kent, Ohio
© 2016 by The Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio 44242
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Catalog Number 2015036107
ISBN 978-1-60635-291-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Simpson, Craig S., author. | Wilson, Gregory S., author.
Title: Above the shots : an oral history of the Kent State shootings / Craig S. Simpson and Gregory S. Wilson.
Description: Kent, Ohio : Kent State University Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015036107 | ISBN 9781606352915 (pbk. : alk. paper) ∞
Subjects: LCSH: Kent State Shootings, Kent, Ohio, 1970. | Kent State University--History.
Classification: LCC LD4191.O72 S56 2016 | DDC 378.771/37--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015036107
20 19 18 17 16 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Acknowledgments
The Narrators
Introduction: The Project, by Craig S. Simpson
Introduction: The Memory, by Gregory S. Wilson
Part One: “The largest unknown university in the world”
Part Two: “An edge in the air”
Part Three: “A bullet is a drastic answer”
Part Four: “The divide in this country”
Part Five: “The beginning of an ending”
Notes
Index
Acknowledgments
T hroughout the process of researching and writing this book, we benefited from the insights and assistance of several people and organizations.
Steve Paschen and Amanda Faehnel at Kent State University Special Collections and Archives were exceedingly accommodating as we navigated the voluminous May 4 Collection. Also at KSU, Lori Boes at the May 4 Visitors Center gave valuable time and shared her insights on the events of May 4th, 1970, and their meaning. A long-standing member of the Kent community, Sandra Perlman Halem not only recorded the first official series of interviews for the Kent State Shootings Oral History Project but also generously helped forge connections for subsequent interviews. In Columbus, the staff at the Ohio Historical Society provided great assistance in locating records relevant to the shootings. At Indiana University, Joel Silver and Lori Dekydtspotter made several helpful suggestions to overcome periods of stasis and uncertainty.
At KSU Press, Joyce Harrison and Will Underwood exhibited Job-like patience as we worked through many drafts and took longer than we anticipated in seeing this volume through to production. Tom Grace was incredibly generous with his time as an official reader of our manuscript, a historian who combines a deep academic background with firsthand experience of these events and who is a valued friend. Thanks as well to the anonymous reader for KSU Press for his or her thoughts on our manuscript. Additionally, Bill Childs and David Steigerwald read portions of the text and aided our thinking about the material and its context.
We had the good fortune to present early, draft portions of our research at the Oral History Association meetings in 2011 (Denver) and 2012 (Cleveland). We thank our fellow panelists, audience members, and the organizers for the opportunity to share our ideas and hear their feedback. Troy Reeves deserves special thanks for arranging CSPAN-3 to record and air our 2011 panel on campus protests in the 1960s, as does Barbara Truesdell, assistant director of the Center for the Study of History and Memory at Indiana University, for her expert moderation of that panel.
Our families deserve our deep gratitude. Laura Hilton and Kate Wilson in Ohio gave their love and support and much-needed time either for writing or for breaks away from what has been at times a difficult subject to address. Steve and Carol Simpson in Bloomington, Indiana, who lived near the Berkeley campus as the anti–Vietnam War protest movement intensified and whose own recollections of Kent State are vivid even though secondhand, demonstrated once again their indefatigable support.
Last, and most certainly not least, we thank all of our narrators for agreeing to share their memories. Without them, this book would not be possible, and we have done our best to stay true to their words and meaning.
The Narrators
Mike (Meyer) Alewitz . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970, muralist and activist.
Chuck (Charles W.) Ayers . Undergraduate student at Kent State University from 1966 to 1971, former editorial cartoonist for the Akron Beacon Journal , and co-author of the comic strip Crankshaft .
Denny Benedict . Undergraduate student at Kent State University from 1969 to 1973.
Richard G. Bentley . Professor of Journalism and Technology at Kent State University in 1970.
Ellis Berns . Undergraduate student at Kent State University from 1967 to 1971.
Anita Bixenstine . Professor in the Honors College at Kent State University in 1970.
Ed (V. Edwin) Bixenstine . Professor in the Department of Psychology at Kent State University in 1970.
William Brauning . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Rick Byrum . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
John Carson . Mayor of the City of Kent from 1966 to 1969; proprietor of W. H. Donaghy drugstore in downtown Kent.
Carol Cartwright . President of Kent State University from 1991 to 2006.
John Cleary . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970 and one of the nine wounded students on May 4, 1970.
Linda Cooper-Leff . Undergraduate student at Kent State University from 1966 to 1970.
Joe Cullum . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970, one of the Kent 25.
Timothy DeFrange . Kent, Ohio, resident and Kent State University student in 1970.
Catherine Delattre . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Bruce Dzeda . Kent State University senior in 1970.
Michael Erwin . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970, and one of the Kent 25.
Naomi Goelman Etzkin . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Julio Arturo Fanjul . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Eldon Fender . Undergraduate student majoring in education at Kent State University in 1970.
Linda Fifer . Student at Kent State University from 1970 to 1975.
Rob Fox . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Joann (Peterangelo) Gavacs . Senior at Kent State University in 1970.
John Guidubaldi . Professor in the Counseling and Personnel Services Education Department at Kent State University in 1970.
Ken Hammond . Undergraduate student studying political science at Kent State University from 1967 to 1971, and one of the Kent 25.
David Hansford . Senior at Theodore Roosevelt High School (Kent, Ohio) in 1970.
William Derry Heasley . Vietnam veteran and an undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Rebecca V. Howe . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Peter Jedick . Undergraduate student at Kent State University from 1967 to 1971 and author of the 1998 book, Hippies .
Dean Kahler . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970, paralyzed from the waist down after being shot on May 4.
Arthur Koushel . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Art (Arthur) Krummel . Member of the 145th Infantry, Ohio Army National Guard; on duty on the Kent State University campus in May 1970.
Jerry (Jerry Middleton) Lewis . Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Kent State University; faculty marshal on May 4, 1970.
Lisa Lynott . Student at Kent State University beginning in 1985 and a member of the May Fourth Task Force.
Ellen Mann . High school senior at the Kent State University School in 1970.
Carol Mirman . Senior majoring in fine arts at Kent State University in 1970, and one of the Kent 25.
Carl M. Moore . Director of Forensics and Assistant Professor of Speech at Kent State University in 1970.
Tim (Edmund Timothy) Moore . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970, and later president of Black United Students (BUS); at the time of his interview, was Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Kent State.
James Mueller . Student at the University of Akron during the 1960s and a resident of Akron in 1970.
Shirley Ohles . Wife of Kent State University professor of education John Ohles in 1970.
John Panagas . Professor in Speech and Hearing program in 1970.
John A. Peach . Chief of Police and Director of Public Safety at Kent State University at the time of his interview; native of Kent who had just started his career with the campus police force in the fall of 1970.
Murv (Murvin H.) Perry . Director of the Kent State University School of Journalism and Associate Dean of the College of Fine and Professional Arts in 1970.
Curtis Pittman . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970 and member of Black United Students (BUS).
Rosann Rissland . Resident of Kent in 1970.
Michael Schwartz . President of Kent State University from 1982 to 1991.
Barry Seybert . Ninth-grade student in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, in 1970; later involved in Tent City and co-founder of May 4 Task Force.
Joseph M. Sima . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Ron (J. Ronald) Snyder . Captain and company commander of Company C of the 145th Infantry of the Ohio National Guard on May 4, 1970.
Nathan R. Sooy . Undergraduate student at Kent State University beginning in 1973; involved in Tent City protests in 1977.
Kathy Stafford . Undergraduate at Kent State University in 1970, involved in President’s Commission on KSU Violence; retired in 2008 as Vice President for University Relations.
Ronald Sterlekar . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970 and member of student organization the Mobobrious PIT.
James T. Vacarella . Undergraduate student at Kent State University in 1970.
Albert Van Kirk . Vietnam veteran and an undergraduate