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Copper Creek is the life story of Martin E. Tew, war hero, poet, rescue hero of two downed pilots, philanthropist for Greek war survivors, owner of Copper Creek mine in Arizona, owner of Monte Bonito Ranch in Arizona, attorney and he also spoke languages. It includes facts about the mysterious Sibley Castle and everyday life in Copper Creek.

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Publié par	Archway Publishing
Date de parution	06 juin 2023
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781665744270
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0200€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

A HISTORY of SAHUARITA

Jerry Maxwell Rowe

Copyright © 2023 Jerry Maxwell Rowe.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the author except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

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Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid. The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

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ISBN: 978-1-6657-4428-7 (sc)
ISBN: 978-1-6657-4427-0 (e)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023909127

Archway Publishing rev. date: 05/18/2023
CONTENTS
Pre-History
European And Christian Influence
Indians
Area Ranches
Missions
Mining
Municipality
Schooling
Parks And Recreation
Worship
PRE-HISTORY
Sahuarita is situated along I-19 south of Tucson and along the Santa Cruz River.
It is believed that the Sahuarita area has been inhabited over 11,000 years. First to come were the elephant hunters, who hunted in the dense Arizona forests and along numerous lakes and streams for the huge elephant-like mammoth. The Hohokam lived in the area between 300-1500 A.D. They were followed by Pima Indians (the Tohono O’odham ‘desert people’). The O’odham, who lived in the area after 1500, greeted the Spanish in 1726 who called them the Papago (bean eaters). Mexico claimed the Sahuarita area during the 1821 Mexican War of Independence; and it was bought by the United States under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.
During the 100,000 years of the most recent Ice Age, while much of the Earth’s water was locked up in the ice caps, the level of the oceans at times dropped by as much as 300 feet. At these times the Bering Strait became dry land, and animals migrated across a wide territory known as Beringia. Species that had evolved in the Old World were able to migrate east; these included mammoths, bison and early humans. Horses and camels, which had developed on the American continent, migrated west to Asia and survived there even after they became extinct in the Americas. Even though this cooling period lasted only for 1,300 years, it witnessed the disappearance of an entire population of large mammals.
Of course, all these movements did not occur suddenly but over immense stretches of time during glacial fluctuations. Mammoths were in the Americas about 1.5 million years ago, while humans were latecomers.
One of the early cultures has been named “Clovis” after a type of spear point found at Clovis, New Mexico.
The Clovis culture is a prehistoric Paleo-Indian culture that existed at the end of the last glacial period , the Younger Dryas . The Younger Dryas period, referred to as the big freeze, dates from about 13,100 to 12,900 years ago and may have persisted for as little as a few hundred years. It was a period of cold climate conditions and drought. It is believed that a large object from outer space impacted with the earth causing a large air burst that set off the cold period.
The ‘Clovis Culture’ is characterized by the manufacture of “ Clovis points ” and distinctive bone and ivory tools.
The Clovis people have come to be regarded as one of the first human inhabitants of the Americas and are considered to be the ancestors of all the indigenous cultures of North and South America.
Some of the early hunter-gatherers in the American Southwest used these very distinctive razor-sharp stone spear points to hunt large mammals including bison, horse, deer, elk, mastodon, and mammoth. The people who used them probably hunted other species of smaller game as well and very likely supplemented their diet with native nuts, roots, berries, and seeds.
No skeletal evidence of these ancient people has yet been found, so information about their domestic and social life is minimal. As nomadic hunters their belongings would have been few and easily portable from one camp to the next. Small bands of twenty-five to thirty people would likely have ranged over a territory that might extend several thousand square miles, regulating their movements by the season, the amount of game, and the availability of native plant foods.
These hunters seem to have been fairly widespread across North America, but some of the most interesting sites are found near Sahuarita in the area of southeast Arizona. At these sites artifacts such as arrowheads, spear points and stone tools, the bones of a varied selection of game including horse, tapir, bison, camel, bear, rabbits and a garter snake have been found.
The first definable fire hearth associated with the Clovis people was found in southeast Arizona along with mammoth bones and the bones of other extinct mega-animals.
The fact that some of the earliest Clovis sites contained mammoth bones sparks the idea that these hunters lived primarily on mammoth meat. But, the primary reason for this not to have been the case would be the enormous size of the Columbian mammoth. A healthy, full-grown male Columbian Mammoth was about 13 feet high at the shoulder and weighed in at some ten tons. His powerful trunk and tusks up to ten feet long were impressive defenses.
To kill such an animal would be a formidable task, especially for humans unequipped. However, it would have been much less difficult for humans to “finish off” calves or young individuals who were venturing away from the protection of the herd for the first time, especially if they were in some sort of environmental distress (such as a drought), injured, or immobilized in a pit trap. Mammoths found contain almost exclusively the bones of young mammoths near watering places.
The first known human inhabitants of the Sahuarita region were the Hohokam people, which seem be the ancestors of the modern day Tohono O’odham nation. The Hohokam were known for their highly innovative and extensive use of irrigation. The Hohokam were a very peaceful people, they had extensive trade routes extending to Mesoamerica (a region and culture area in the Americas , extending approximately from central Mexico to Belize , Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica ), and they showed many cultural influences from their southern neighbors. Hohokam is a Pima (O’odham) word used to identify these people. Despite a lengthy duration of inhabiting these regions because of the lack of recorded language the Hohokam are not considered a civilization archaeologically.
The Hohokam used an assortment of simple canals combined with weirs (a small overflow dam used to alter the flow characteristics of a river or stream) in their various agricultural pursuits.
They also built and maintained extensive irrigation networks. These were constructed using relatively simple excavation tools. The Hohokam cultivated varieties of cotton, tobacco, maize, beans and squash , as well as harvested a vast assortment of wild plants. Later they also used extensive dry farming systems primarily to grow agave . Their reliance on agricultural strategies based on canal irrigation was vital in their less than hospitable desert environment and arid climate. It provided the basis for the aggregation of rural populations into stable urban centers.
By the 7 th century, a distinct Hohokam architectural tradition emerged. Individual residential structures, or pit homes, were normally excavated approximately 16 inches below ground level, with pounded floors, and featured a circular bowl-shaped clay-lined hearth situated near the wall-entry. The pit house was roofed over with a framework of heavy sticks which were covered with grass, smaller sticks and earth.
These people were highly mobile and lived by plant and seed gathering, and developed milling stones to grind these tiny seed grain. These gatherings were supplemented by the hunting of animals. Though the herds of large grazing animals were gone, browsing animals such as pronghorn and deer were still living in the mountains.
The people probably came down to the lowlands when the rains made the desert fruitful and retreated to the mountain regions, when water was scarce, where there was greater rainfall and seepage springs provided water. These areas were also easier to defend in case of attacks by intruders. I guess you would say they were the regions first snow birds.
The Sobaipuri Indians were an Upper Piman (O’odham) tribe possibly related to the Hohokam, and occupied areas along the Santa Cruz River in southern Arizona and northern Sonora from 1400 – 1800’s. They were a people of the direst of poverty.
The materials used in the construction of their huts were tree branches, twigs, and zacaton (a plant similar to straw). Branches were cut to a point, and this point was driven firmly into the ground forming a circle. In the middle of the hut three or four of the branches were made into arches equal in height and width. The arches were made lower and narrower toward each end until the finished structure assumes the shape of a bake oven. Twigs were laid crosswise on the floor and were bound to the branches which stood on both sides to make the s