Ultimate Nutrition Guide For Cancer Sufferers, Their Family And Friends , livre ebook

Straightforward Publishing - Zoe Hellman

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68 pages

English

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A comprehensive and practical guide to equip cancer sufferers, their family and their friends with a solid and sound foundation of nutritional advice and support. Based on the latest research and practice, the book shows readers the importance of nutrition and how to apply important principles to their diet.

Informations

Publié par	Straightforward Publishing
Date de parution	30 octobre 2008
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781847165329
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0300€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

EMERALD ULTIMATE NUTRITION
The Ultimate Nutrition Guide for Cancer Sufferers, their Family and Friends
Zoe Hellman Bsc SRD
Emerald Guides www.emeraldpublishing.co.uk
Emerald Guides Brighton BN2 4EG
Zoe Hellman 2008 First Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holders.
ISBN 9781847160840
978-1-84716-532-9 (ebook)
Printed by Biddles Ltd Kings Lynn Norfolk
Cover design by Donna McCann
Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained within this book is correct at the time of going to press, the author and publisher can take no responsibility for the errors or omissions contained within.
Contents
Introduction
A few terms explained
Chapter One: How Cancer Affects Nutritional Status
Changes in metabolism impacting on nutritional status
Changes in metabolism caused by cancer
Figure 1.1 Hierarchy of metabolism
Loss of appetite impacting on nutritional status
Symptoms of cancer impacting on nutritional status
The diagnosis of cancer impacting on nutritional status
Cancer treatment impacting on nutritional status
A note on weight gain
Chapter Two: Why Nutrition is so Important for People with Cancer
The effect of under-nutrition on body functions
Digestion
Blood cell production
Immunity
Healing
The effect of muscle loss on body functions
The effect of under-nutrition on cancer treatment
The social and psychological effects of under nutrition
Chapter Three: Understanding and Support
Chapter Four: How to Measure Nutritional Status
Measuring nutritional status at home
Objective measurements of nutritional status
Body mass index
Percentage weight loss
Subjective measurements of nutritional status
Eating patterns
Bowel habits
Activity
Measuring nutritional status with a health professional
Nutritional status screening
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Figure 1.2 Body composition
Tricep Skin Fold Thickness
Grip strength
Mid arm muscle circumference
Biochemical tests of nutritional status
Blood tests for proteins
Blood tests for vitamins and minerals
Nitrogen balance
Chapter Five: The Goals of Nutrition Therapy
Food diaries
Chapter Six: Nutritional Therapy
A well balanced diet
Focus on carbohydrates
Focus on fruit and vegetables
Focus on protein
Focus on healthy fats
Focus on vitamins and minerals
Focus on fluids
Chapter Seven: Principles of Food Hygiene
Food shopping
Food storage
Food preparation
Cooking food
Eating out
Chapter Eight: Problems Affecting Nutritional Intake
Techniques to help with a small appetite
Sample menu using techniques to help with a small appetite
Techniques to help with loss of taste or change in taste
Techniques to help with diahorrea
Sample menu using techniques to help with diahorrea
Techniques to help with constipation
Sample menu using techniques to help with constipation
Techniques to help with a painful mouth
Sample menu using techniques to help with a painful mouth
Techniques to help with a dry mouth
Sample menu using techniques to help with a dry mouth
Techniques to help with tiredness
Store cupboard essentials
Techniques to help with nausea
Sample menu using techniques to help with nausea
Techniques for helping someone with food
Techniques to help with eating in hospital
Tips for eating well in hostpital
Chapter Nine: Fortifying the Nutritional Content of the Diet
How to fortify the nutritional content of everyday foods
Chapter Ten: Nutritional Supplements
Over the counter nutritional supplements
Nutritionally complete supplements
Techniques to get the best out of nutritional supplements
Protein and energy supplements
Chapter Eleven: Artificial Nutrition Support
Enteral feeding
Nasogastric feeding
Percutaneous endescopic gastronomy feeding tube (PEG)
Radiologically inserted gastronomy tube (RIG)
Parenteral nutrition
The source of nutrition used in artificial nutrition support
Artificial nutrition support at home
Useful Cancer Charities
Appendices - Nutritional Status Monitoring Forms
Index
About the Author
Introduction
Whilst working in the NHS, I frequently met people diagnosed with cancer who had adopted alternative nutritional advice from various unreliable sources. The advice was trusted as it was presented in such a way that suggested the dietary principles were safe and well researched.
These alternative diets are often strict, eliminating essential food groups, and hence nutrients from the diet. Unfortunately some of the people I met had, unknowingly, severely compromised their nutritional status and as a consequence were unable to tolerate effective levels of cancer treatment or were unable to do simple everyday tasks due a lack of energy and strength.
This was my motivation; to write a book that keeps it simple - no gimmicks - just reliable information and advice.
Around 80% of people diagnosed with cancer experience some degree of under-nutrition. Diet and health are inextricably linked and the awareness of just how important nutrition is for those with cancer is growing. Nutritional therapy is now understood to be an essential part of cancer treatment, rather than simply as an adjunct or an afterthought.
This book provides comprehensive information on nutritional therapy for those affected by cancer, based on the latest research and clinical practice, showing why and how to apply important principles to the diet.
There are over 200 different types of cancer, each one bringing different nutritional difficulties. This book has been developed to provide information and advice to anyone affected by any type cancer, tackling the most common nutritional issues in a simple and practical way.
Following each chapter there is space to make notes. This space could be used in a number of different ways; to jot down questions to ask during a consultation with a health professional, to document a to do list or action plan or simply to make notes of any thoughts relevant to the chapter.
A few terms explained
Nutritional status:
This term refers to the state of the body related to the consumption and utilisation of nutrition.
Under-nutrition:
This term refers to a state in which the consumption and utilisation of nutrition is insufficient to meet the needs of the body.
Nutritional Therapy:
This is a term used to describe the application of scientific understanding into practical dietary principles to maintain and promote health and treat disease.
Chapter One
How Cancer Affects Nutritional Status
Not everyone who is diagnosed with cancer experiences nutritional problems. However, many people experience nutritional problems before they are diagnosed with cancer-losing weight and suffering symptoms such as nausea - and may become depleted in nutrients early on. In addition, some cancer treatments are known to have negative effects on nutritional status - so for those people not experiencing nutritional problems early on, it would be sensible to consider adopting nutrition therapy principles to help build up for treatment.
Regardless of current nutritional status, it is important to engage in some form of nutritional therapy as early as possible, as up to 80% of people diagnosed with cancer experience some degree of under-nutrition at some point during cancer treatment.
Cancer can have an impact on nutritional status in a number of different ways.
Weight loss is a common symptom experienced by people with cancer. Around 4 out of 10 people (40%) have unintentional weight loss when their cancer is diagnosed. The commonly used terms; cachexia (kak ex ee a) or wasting syndrome describe the complex state of weight loss and under-nutrition associated with cancer. Cachexia comes from the Greek words Kakos, meaning bad and Hexis, meaning condition .
The weight loss caused by cancer is associated with losses of both muscle and fat. It is caused by a combination of changes in metabolism and often a reduction in dietary intake, due to the side effects of the cancer and its treatment. The weight loss caused by cancer is very different to weight loss through diet or exercise where the majority of weight loss is fat.
Changes in metabolism impacting on nutritional status
The bodies normal process of metabolism (the breakdown and usage of the different nutrients) is affected by cancer. Cancer actually changes the way our body breaks down and uses fat, protein and carbohydrates.
Changes in metabolism caused by cancer:
Changes in fat metabolism - The stores of fat in the body are broken down much more quickly and the rate that the body stores fat is reduced. This means that overall stores of body fat are decreased.
Changes in protein metabolism - The human body does not have any stores or reserves of protein. This is because all the protein within the body has important functions to fulfil. Most of the protein within the body is used to make up muscle, but protein also plays a major role in the immune system. Cancer causes the breakdown of these vital body proteins and reduces the generation of new proteins. When the body breaks down its own proteins, a process known as catabolism, this can have effects on body weight, muscle strength, organ function and the immune system.
Changes in carbohydrate metabolism - The body is not able to use carbohydrate as efficiently as should. This inefficiency may account for up to 300kcals a day of lost energy.
Due to these changes in metabolism, it can be very difficult to reverse weight loss associated with cancer and this is why early and continued nutritional therapy is really important. Trying to protect and minimise the loss of body proteins and fat stores should be a major goal of nutritional therapy.
In addition to these changes in metabol