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How do you help a child who is distracted easily or has difficulty concentrating? How can you recognise if your child has A.D.H.D. and how does the family cope?

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Publié par	Marshall Cavendish International
Date de parution	15 juillet 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9789814721264
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0300€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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2015 Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited
Illustrations by Julie Davey
Series designer: Bernard Go
First published 2003 by Times Editions
This 2015 edition published by
Marshall Cavendish Editions
An imprint of Marshall Cavendish International
1 New Industrial Road, Singapore 536196
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Requests for permission should be addressed to the Publisher, Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Private Limited, 1 New Industrial Road, Singapore 536196. Tel: (65) 6213 9300, fax: (65) 6285 4871. E-mail: genrefsales@sg.marshallcavendish.com .
Website: www.marshallcavendish.com/genref
The publisher makes no representation or warranties with respect to the contents of this book, and specifically disclaims any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, and shall in no event be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
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Marshall Cavendish Corporation. 99 White Plains Road, Tarrytown NY 10591-9001, USA Marshall Cavendish International (Thailand) Co Ltd. 253 Asoke, 12th Flr, Sukhumvit 21 Road, Klongtoey Nua, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand Marshall Cavendish (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd, Times Subang, Lot 46, Subang Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Batu Tiga, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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National Library Board, Singapore Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Cai, Yiming, Dr., author.
Living with A.D.H.D / Dr Cai Yiming. - Second edition - Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2015
pages cm - (Living with)
First published 2003 by Times Editions.
eISBN: 978 981 4721 26 4
Attention-deficit-disordered children. 2. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. I. Title.
II. Series: Living with.
RJ506.H9
618.928589 - dc23 OCN913077217
Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd
Dedicated to all the children of the Child Guidance Clinic and their parents
CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
PART 1
What Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Adhd)?
PART 2
Changing Concepts Of Adhd And Early Treatment
PART 3
Common Misconceptions About Adhd
PART 4
The Causes Of Adhd
PART 5
Associated Disorders Of Adhd
PART 6
Assessing Your Child
PART 7
Treating Your Child With Medication
PART 8
Other Treatments
PART 9
How Parents Can Help
PART 10
How Teachers Can Help
PART 11
Where Can I Go For Support?
PART 12
What Kind Of Professional Help Can I Get?
PART 13
What The Future Holds
PART 14
Important Research Findings
USEFUL RESOURCES
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
PREFACE
This book is about children with a particular disorder called Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD are often in trouble at school. They give parents and teachers a tough time, as they do not complete their homework due to difficulty in focusing on a piece of work. They find it difficult to make friends or get along with peers because they are impulsive and get into fights easily. They are a constant source of stress to teachers and parents.
Parents nowadays are better educated and more aware of mental health issues. They want to do their best and look for early interventions for their children who might have problems impeding their psychological health and academic performance. With the development of a comprehensive community mental health programme in schools called REACH (Response, Early Intervention and Assessment in Community mental Health) by the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Social and Family development and the National Council of Social Services working collaboratively, the pick-up rate for ADHD has almost doubled. In 2001 and 2002, the Child Guidance Clinics located at the Health Promotion Board Building and the Institute of Mental Health saw 397 and 457 new cases of children with ADHD respectively (about 15 percent of new cases). In 2012 and 2013, these figures rose sharply to 750 and 654 new cases respectively. ADHD now constitutes 27 to 30 percent of the total number of new consultation cases seen at the clinics.
From a statistical point of view, however, the number of children that turn up for treatment at the clinics is just the tip of the iceberg. In 2013, there were 244,045 primary school students. Among these children, statistics show that 4 to 5 percent will have ADHD. If we take an average of 4.5 percent of 244,045 students, as many as 10,980 primary school students may have ADHD. In practical terms, this means that one to two students in an average primary school class of 35 students may have ADHD. From this, we may conclude that many children with ADHD are not recognised and brought to the attention of mental health professionals.
Dr Cai Yiming
July 2015
INTRODUCTION
To many parents, coping with one child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is difficult enough. Coping with two children with ADHD means significant increases in their problems. This is because the likelihood of children in a family having ADHD is fairly high; the effect of having two children with ADHD is often not equal to twice as many problems, but 11 times as many problems.
ADHD children also pose a challenge for the mental health professionals who treat them. This is because diagnosing the disorder is complex as there are various other mental conditions, such as depression, that could account for the restlessness and concentration difficulties in the child. The child may then be misdiagnosed as having ADHD. Also, these other conditions can exist alongside ADHD in a child. It is therefore crucial that any analysis or evaluation of an inattentive and hyperactive child is done carefully by professionals so that the diagnosis is accurate and the child is treated appropriately.
This book highlights the complexity of diagnosis and discusses various aspects of ADHD - its presentation, causes and treatment, the misconceptions surrounding it and the latest research findings. Considerable emphasis is put on how parents and teachers can help children with ADHD more promptly and effectively, thereby reducing suffering and distress of all parties.
I hope the book will serve as a useful reference guide for parents, teachers and healthcare workers. I hope it also spurs the reader into looking for more information either on the Internet or from books. This is especially relevant as developments in research and clinical practice are rapidly expanding, with new findings and exciting ideas appearing that might influence the outcome of treatment for ADHD.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neuro-developmental disorder of self-control. As the name suggests, the symptoms of ADHD are characterised by serious and persistent difficulties in three areas, namely:
inattention,
impulsivity,
hyperactivity.
ADHD is a neuro-developmental disorder in the sense that it arises early in child development, before the age of 12. ADHD is related to abnormalities in brain functioning and development. It is also associated with other factors that can affect brain functioning or development such as genetic factors, injuries, toxins and infections. Boys tend to be affected more than girls by a ratio of three or four to one.
1.1 MY CHILD IS 6 YEARS OLD. HE IS EXTREMELY ACTIVE AND RUNS ABOUT AT HOME. DOES IT MEAN HE HAS ADHD?
It is normal for children to be active, inattentive and impulsive. Developmentally, this is understandable and should not be a cause for concern for parents. In fact, about one-third of children are described by their parents as overactive and between 5 percent and 20 percent of schoolchildren are described as such by their teachers. Among these schoolchildren, however, it is likely that 3 percent to 5 percent have ADHD.
If your child is getting on well socially with other children and teachers, picking up in learning, is not distressed about school and does not cause disruptive behaviour in school or other social settings, then it is unlikely that your child has ADHD.
The key here is whether your child has serious and pervasive impairment in social, learning and behavioural functions that are maladaptive and inconsistent for a child of his age.
1.2 WHAT SYMPTOMS DO CHILDREN WITH ADHD PRESENT?
Children with ADHD exhibit a variety of symptoms. ADHD begins in childhood. According to diagnostic criteria on the next page, the symptoms must have started before the age of 12 and be evident for at least six months.
With inattention, the child:
often fails to give close attention to details,
often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities,
is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli,
is often forgetful in daily activities,
often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly,
makes careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities,
often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores or duties (not due to defiant behaviour or failure to understand instructions),
often has difficulty organising tasks and activities,
often avoids, dislikes or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort (schoolwork or homework),
often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (toys, school assignments, pencils, books or tools).
With hyperactivity and impulsivity, the child:
often fidgets or squirms in the seat,
often leaves his seat in the classroom or in other situations where remaining seated is expected,
often runs about or climbs excessively in situations where it is inappropriate,
often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly