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The 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, were unique in several respects: they were the first Games held outside Europe or North America, as well as the first held in the southern hemisphere. The XVI Olympiad, the fourteenth volume in The Olympic Century series, begins with the story of Melbourne 1956, known as "The Friendly Games".The book profiles the heroes of Melbourne, like the 18-year-old Australian sprinter Betty Cuthbert, the "Golden Girl," who claimed gold in the 100, 200 and 4x100 relay; and the American Bobby Morrow who mirrored Cuthbert's achievements on the men's side. There were also unlikely winners, like Ronnie Delany of Ireland, who held off the powerful Americans to claim gold in the 1500 metres. The book also explores how Cold War tensions surfaced in Melbourne in disputes over officiating, and most violently in water polo, where Hungary and Russia engaged in what became known as the "Blood in the Water Match."Following Melbourne, the book turns its focus to Squaw Valley, California, and the Winter Games of 1960. Squaw Valley saw the Olympic debut of the biathlon and women's speed skating, along with technological innovations like artificial ice surfaces, instant replay and results tabulated by computer. The book also recounts the story of the plucky American ice hockey team, made up of college players, which defeated the experienced Canadians and dominant Russians to claim gold.Juan Antonio Samaranch, former President of the International Olympic Committee, called The Olympic Century, "The most comprehensive history of the Olympic games ever published".

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Publié par	Warwick Press Inc.
Date de parution	18 novembre 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781987944136
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	16 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0262€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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THE OLYMPIC CENTURY THE COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE MODERN OLYMPIC MOVEMENT VOLUME 14
THE XVI OLYMPIAD
MELBOURNE 1956 SQUAW VALLEY 1960
by Carl A. Posey
W
Warwick Press Inc. Toronto
Copyright 1996 WSRP
The Olympic Century series was produced as a joint effort among the International Olympic Committee, the United States Olympic Committee, and World Sport Research Publications, to provide an official continuity series that will serve as a permanent on-line Olympic education program for individuals, schools, and public libraries.
Published by:
Warwick Press Inc., Toronto
www.olympicbooks.com
1st Century Project: Charles Gary Allison
Publishers: Robert G. Rossi, Jim Williamson, Rona Wooley
Editors: Christian D. Kinney, Laura Forman
Art Director: Christopher M. Register
Picture Editors: Lisa Bruno, Debora Lemmons
Digital Imaging: Richard P. Majeske
Associate Editor, Research: Mark Brewin
Associate Editor, Appendix: Elsa Ramirez
Designers: Kimberley Davison, Diane Myers, Chris Conlee
Staff Researchers: Brad Haynes, Alexandra Hesse, Pauline Ploquin
Copy Editor: Harry Endrulat
Venue Map Artist: Dave Hader, Studio Conceptions, Toronto
Fact Verification: Carl and Liselott Diem Archives of the German Sport University at Cologne, Germany
Statistics: Bill Mallon, Walter Teutenberg
Memorabilia Consultants: Manfred Bergman, James D. Greensfelder, John P. Kelly, James B. Lally, Ingrid O Neil
Office Staff: Diana Fakiola, Brian M. Heath, Edward J. Messier, Brian P. Rand, Robert S. Vassallo, Chris Waters
Senior Consultant: Dr. Dietrich Quanz (Germany)
Special Consultants: Walter Borgers, Dr. Karl Lennartz, Dr. Dietrich Quanz, Dr. Norbert Mueller (Germany), Ian Buchanan (United Kingdom), Wolf Lyberg (Sweden), Dr. Nicholas Yalouris (Greece).
International Contributors: Jean Durry (France), Dr. Fernand Landry (Canada), Dr. Antonio Lombardo (Italy), Dr. John A. MacAloon (U.S.A.), Dr. Jujiro Narita (Japan), C. Robert Paul (U.S.A.), Dr. Roland Renson (Belgium), Anthony Th. Bijkirk (Netherlands), Dr. James Walston (Ombudsman)
International Research and Assistance: John S. Baick (New York), Matthieu Brocart (Paris), Alexander Fakiolas (Athens), Bob Miyakawa (Tokyo), Rona Lester (London), Dominic LoTempio (Columbia), George Kostas Mazareas (Boston), Georgia McDonald (Colorado Springs), Wendy Nolan (Princeton), Alexander Ratner (Moscow), Jon Simon (Washington, D.C.), Frank Strasser (Cologne), Val ry Turco (Lausanne), Laura Walden (Rome), Jorge Zocchi (Mexico City)
All rights reserved. No part of The Olympic Century book series may be copied, republished, stored in a retrieval system, or otherwise reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without the prior written consent of the IOC, the USOC, and WSRP.
eBook Conversion: eBook Partnership, United Kingdom
ISBN 978-1-987944-24-2 (24 Volume Series)
ISBN 978-1-987944-13-6 (Volume 14)
CONTENTS
I AGE OF INNOCENCE
II BLOOD AND WATER
III CALLING A RUSSIAN TUNE
IV SNOW JOB
Appendix
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
Bibliography
Index

AGE OF INNOCENCE
MELBOURNE 1956
Of all the 6-foot-long, 180-pound aquatic creatures patrolling the Tasman Sea off Sydney, Australia, only one had never tasted the flesh of another creature. Murray Rose, a perfectly rendered young man of 17 who swam with the efficiency of a great white shark, had been reared on soy meal, seaweed jelly, and other foods whose harvest caused no animal pain, along with parental affection that was lavish even by the standards of an adored only child. Except for an early smallpox vaccination, Rose had spent his boyhood fending off frailty with only purifying fasts, purgatives, natural foods, a powerful immune system, and exercise.
Much of the exercise had been taken along the deserted beach below the Rose home. The sandy strand was called Redleaf Pool, one of many swimming beaches created by separating tidal embayments from the Tasman s meat eaters with the hemp-and-metal mesh of shark nets. On the eucalyptus-covered hill above the pool lay the exclusive Sydney suburb of Double Bay, a bite out of the peninsular city harbor, Port Jackson. Half a mile to the southeast, on the other side of the hill, was the suburb of Bondi, standing above the beaches on the ocean side, also protected by a sharkproof web.
Murray Rose swam protected on his seaward side by such nets. But on the landward side, there was another net, an invisible one, that separated the young swimmer from his time and place. He was different from other people. In the carnivorous Australia of the 1950s, he was a vegetarian curiosity, a vice-less, utterly innocent boy in a rowdy, unsophisticated culture whose roots went back to the penal colony at Botany Bay. He might have been ridiculed for his difference had it not been for golden good looks, the radiations of his good heart, and the strong probability that he was going to be to water what such men as Roger Bannister were to the cinder track. When newspapers called him the Seaweed Streak it was with affection, and in a land where large sums are wagered on swimming contests, Rose competed as an odds-on favorite. Now, in 1956, with Australia preparing for Melbourne to host the Olympic Games, it was time for Rose to pave the swimming lanes Down Under with gold.
Below: Ron Clarke touches the cauldron with his torch at the climax of the Melbourne opening ceremony. The unofficial junior mile record holder, Clarke failed to make the Australian Olympic team in 1956 but would represent his homeland at Rome 1960, Tokyo 1964, and Mexico City 1968.

FEVER FOR THE FIRE
The Melbourne torch relay began on November 2, 1956, when the Olympic flame was ignited at Olympia, Greece, and handed off to the first of 350 runners that carried it to Athens. After a ceremony at the Acropolis, a hilltop sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Athena, the flame was placed in a miner s lamp and carried aboard a Quantas jet. The airliner made stops in Calcutta, Bangkok, Singapore, and Djakarta where Olympic officials held receptions dedicated to Olympism in the Orient.
The flame s first stop in Australia was Darwin, the largest city on Australia s north coast. After a brief welcoming ceremony, the airlift took off for Cairns, located on the east coast of Australia, where the flame began its 2,830-mile overland relay to Melbourne.
Torchbearers followed a southward route along coastal Australia, stopping at Brisbane, Sydney, and Canberra, and taking 13 days to reach the host city. The only problem was the traffic caused by Olympic fever. Enthusiasm was so great that when the relay approached major cities, so many people turned out to see it that roads became clogged with cars, impeding the relay s progress. Police escorts were dispatched to clear a path for runners and support vehicles.
Crowds were at their densest in Melbourne, and the police presence had to be increased. Thousands of Australians lined the streets to the Melbourne Cricket Ground, watching as the flame was finally passed to Ron Clarke, then a promising 17 -year-old runner. The fuel mixture for the final torch (right) was so caustic-organizers wanted it to burn brightly for spectators-that sparks fluttered wildly from it. Clarke gamely ran a lap around the track, even though tiny flecks of flame were stinging his arm, then climbed a set of stairs to the cauldron, setting it alight at the climax of the opening ceremony.
lain Murray Rose, the Gaelic spelling of the first name, honored the ancestral Clan. Rose was born in Birmingham, England in January 1939 when humanity was only a few months from global war. His Scottish father, Ian, was a constitutionally frail but talented advertising copywriter; his English mother, Eileen, was a woman with a mission: to save her son from a world inclined to overfeed, overdress, coddle, and under exercise him. Since England seemed to pose all those threats, the Roses emigrated. They sampled Bombay briefly but found the British children there overbearing and artificial. Not wanting Murray to contract such qualities, they sailed on to Australia.
In Sydney they began a new life-in every sense: There they met the healer who showed them the natural, vegetarian way to health, the regimen applied to rearing Murray and later codified in Ian s book, Faith, Love, and Seaweed. We were shown, his mother wrote much later, how so-called ailments are really healing crises and that by providing rest, warmth, hot and cold compresses, internal enemas, and most of all by temporarily suspending the extra work of digesting and eliminating further foods, we can do much to assist the healing work.
At first, Murray had responded to this extreme handling with fevers and flu and the usual childhood diseases- each, his mother declared, a manifestation used by nature in her wise attempt to purify the system. In Eileen Rose s view, the health problems merely denoted Murray s shaky recovery from an imperfect early diet and the poisonous vaccine which we had mistakenly sanctioned. In a world teeming with microbes, it was a formula for life that only the very resilient could survive.
But part of that same formula would reshape Murray as an aquatic creature. His mother would carry the little boy down to the beach and dig a hole for him in the soft, white sand. The incoming tide would fill it with a swirl of Tasman water, making the child feel more and more at home in its cool grip. Soon, Eileen Rose was swimming with him in the ocean pools, finally releasing him to dog-paddle around on his own. Wherever I swam he followed, she wrote. Each day we made a longer swim until he was more confident in the water than on land.
Below: Eileen Rose takes a walk with her eight-year-old son, Murray, An advocate of nontraditional health methods, Eileen raised Murray on a vegetarian diet, a practice that so fascinated the Australian press, one paper ran a series of articles that gave out Murray s daily m