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247 pages

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The III Olympiad, the fourth volume in The Olympic Century series, begins with the first Olympic Games held outside Europe - the St. Louis Games of 1904. The St. Louis Games are set against the backdrop of a much larger concurrent event, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, also known as the St. Louis World's Fair, which featured displays and demonstrations of art, culture and technology from around the world. Despite this distraction, the St. Louis Games still produced its share of memorable Olympic champions. There is the story of the gymnast George Eyser, who won six medals in one day in spite of his wooden leg; the sprinter Archie Hahn, who won three golds and set a record in the 200 metres that would stand for 28 years; and two Tswana tribesmen, in St. Louis for the Exposition, who competed in the marathon and thus became the first black African Olympians. The focus then turns to Athens 1906, also known as the Intercalated Games, which were held only once. The book tells the story of the American Ray Ewry, who added two golds in Athens to extend his Olympic total to eight from three Games; Billy Sherring of Canada, the unlikely winner of the marathon, who raised the money to travel to Greece at the horse races; and Peter O'Connor of Ireland, who won gold and silver competing reluctantly for Great Britain, then scaled the stadium flagpole to hoist the Irish flag.Juan Antonio Samaranch, former President of the International Olympic Committee, called The Olympic Century, "The most comprehensive history of the Olympic games ever published".

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Publié par	Warwick Press Inc.
Date de parution	18 novembre 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781987944037
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	10 Mo

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THE OLYMPIC CENTURY THE COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE MODERN OLYMPIC MOVEMENT VOLUME 4
THE III OLYMPIAD
ST. LOUIS 1904 ATHENS 1906
by Carl A. Posey
W
Warwick Press Inc. Toronto
Copyright 1996 WSRP
The Olympic Century series was produced as a joint effort among the International Olympic Committee, the United States Olympic Committee, and World Sport Research Publications, to provide an official continuity series that will serve as a permanent on-line Olympic education program for individuals, schools, and public libraries.
Published by:
Warwick Press Inc., Toronto
www.olympicbooks.com
1st Century Project: Charles Gary Allison
Publishers: Robert G. Rossi, Jim Williamson, Rona Wooley
Editors: Christian D. Kinney, Laura Forman
Art Director: Christopher M. Register
Picture Editors: Lisa Bruno, Debora Lemmons
Digital Imaging: Richard P. Majeske
Associate Editor, Research: Mark Brewin
Associate Editor, Appendix: Elsa Ramirez
Designers: Kimberley Davison, Diane Myers, Chris Conlee
Staff Researchers: Brad Haynes, Alexandra Hesse, Pauline Ploquin
Copy Editor: Harry Endrulat
Venue Map Artist: Dave Hader, Studio Conceptions, Toronto
Fact Verification: Carl and Liselott Diem Archives of the German Sport University at Cologne, Germany
Statistics: Bill Mallon, Walter Teutenberg
Memorabilia Consultants: Manfred Bergman, James D. Greensfelder, John P. Kelly, James B. Lally, Ingrid O Neil
Office Staff: Diana Fakiola, Brian M. Heath, Edward J. Messier, Brian P. Rand, Robert S. Vassallo, Chris Waters
Senior Consultant: Dr. Dietrich Quanz (Germany)
Special Consultants: Walter Borgers, Dr. Karl Lennartz, Dr. Dietrich Quanz, Dr. Norbert Mueller (Germany), Ian Buchanan (United Kingdom), Wolf Lyberg (Sweden), Dr. Nicholas Yalouris (Greece).
International Contributors: Jean Durry (France), Dr. Fernand Landry (Canada), Dr. Antonio Lombardo (Italy), Dr. John A. MacAloon (U.S.A.), Dr. Jujiro Narita (Japan), C. Robert Paul (U.S.A.), Dr. Roland Renson (Belgium), Anthony Th. Bijkirk (Netherlands), Dr. James Walston (Ombudsman)
International Research and Assistance: John S. Baick (New York), Matthieu Brocart (Paris), Alexander Fakiolas (Athens), Bob Miyakawa (Tokyo), Rona Lester (London), Dominic LoTempio (Columbia), George Kostas Mazareas (Boston), Georgia McDonald (Colorado Springs), Wendy Nolan (Princeton), Alexander Ratner (Moscow), Jon Simon (Washington, D.C.), Frank Strasser (Cologne), Val ry Turco (Lausanne), Laura Walden (Rome), Jorge Zocchi (Mexico City)
All rights reserved. No part of The Olympic Century book series may be copied, republished, stored in a retrieval system, or otherwise reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means whatsoever without the prior written consent of the IOC, the USOC, and WSRP.
eBook Conversion: eBook Partnership, United Kingdom
ISBN (24 Volume Series) 978-1-987944-24-2
ISBN (Volume 4) 978-1-987944-03-7
CONTENTS
I A Savage Race
II Summer Heroes
III Saving the Olympic Dream
IV Athens Pilgrimage
Appendix
Acknowledgments
Photo Credits
Bibliography
Index

A SAVAGE RACE
ST. LOUIS 1904
The old Apache warrior leaned against the white wooden railing, his face, wrinkled into leather by the winds of fortune and the southwestern desert, impassive, except for a glint of hatred still visible in his bright, birdlike eyes. Even in his white man s costume, having tried to walk the white man s road, he remained the aging fighter, even to the bow and arrow he carried. His Native American name was Goyathlay - One Who Yawns. But to the multitude around him, he had long been famous as Geronimo.
Like that multitude, he had come to St. Louis for the world s fair-formally, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, commemorating the first centennial of America s acquisition of about a third of its area from France in 1803. Geronimo was one of the attractions, allowed by the War Department to attend such events and sell what would be called photo opportunities today. Usually he could be found at an Indian industrial school exhibit, waving a ceremonial gourd-rattle in time to a drum and selling preprinted autographs for a dime.
His old animosity toward the white race is entirely gone, sneered one local journalist. Long residence in prison has improved his manners. He is not the caged eagle, drooping in melancholy dejection, nor is he like the chieftains of romance who never smiled again. Geronimo smiles all the time: he is moved to such high spirits that he grins; and the more dimes he gets the more he grins.
For someone who d become an Apache warrior in 1846 and who had spent several decades building a reputation as a truly dangerous man, it was not much of a job. But it was better than waiting for death beneath the barred windows of his concrete-block dwelling down in Fort Sill, Oklahoma, where he had only memories and a rug woven from his enemies scalps to keep him company. At age 76, he understood that one did not have to like one s destiny-one had only to accept and endure it. If that meant being trotted out for tourist photographs at expositions, so be it. He d learned 50 years earlier that there was no escaping the white man s cruel folly. He could even grin.
Below: Geronimo, a former chief of the Chiricahua Apache tribe of southeastern Arizona, was a living relic of America s frontier days. Captured in Mexico in 1886 after leading a 10-year guerrilla war against the U.S. government, he was imprisoned in Fort Sill, Oklahoma, from which he was granted leave to take part in a Native American school exhibition at the St. Louis world s fair.

Still, Geronimo must have been struck by this latest evidence of that trait in his eternal enemy. Out there on the playing field was every manner and shade of man except a white one, engaged in athletic contests none of them had ever experienced before. Some of the competitors were Native Americans, who showed they could still move swiftly, although perhaps not so swiftly as he had down in the Sonora Desert in the old days-of course, these boys had no cavalry after them. But they had done all right, he supposed. The Sioux had distinguished themselves, as had the Chippewa, Crow, and Pawnee.
Below: Archery competition during Anthropology Days, St. Louis 1904

Beyond that, it was all as incomprehensible as a dream. Tiny black men called pygmies staged a clay-ball fight, Negritos from across the Pacific shinnied up a 50-foot pole, and giants from Patagonia showed they weren t as strong as they looked. Geronimo left no record of his thoughts on that August day in 1904, but it may have crossed his mind that those boys jobs were not much better than his own - worse, really. There was no way his brothers could excel in these white man s games, and he may have suspected that was the point of all this show, to verify the inferiority of uncivilized people. At this, the old eyes would have glittered like the raven s. It was better to lose your scalp in battle.
The tableau spread in and around Francis Field was the first of two so-called Anthropology Days, in which the diverse primitive peoples summoned to the great fair competed for small prizes. That they were in St. Louis at all was the work of the exposition s Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, and its director, Dr. William John McGee, a geologist and archaeologist of some renown, and former director of the government s Bureau of American Ethnology.
That these savages were set to competing athletically, however, was the work of doughty, self-made James E. Sullivan, director of the exposition s Department of Physical Culture, and longtime leader of the nation s preeminent sports body, the Amateur Athletic Union, or AAU. Many thought Sullivan was something of a savage himself; at the very least, he was unusually plain spoken in the world of international sport, with its diplomatic obliquities.
Sullivan was often called the tsar of amateur eminence-sometimes one saw his big fist in plain view, but more often than not it was his hand invisibly on some athletic tiller, steering events in much the same way he d steered the tribesmen to compete in the Anthropology Days.
Born in November 1861, the son of an Irish railroad foreman and his wife, Sullivan had grown up poor but vigorous, a good-sized man by the standards of the day (5 foot 10 [1.78 meters], 155 pounds [70.31 kilograms]), drawn to every kind of physical activity as powerfully as he was repelled by the idea of spending his life as a laborer. Finishing public school at 16, Sullivan had sharpened his knowledge through night school and voracious reading; by 1878, the young comer entered the world of editing and publishing, which was to become a parallel lifetime occupation to sports administration.
As a member of New York s Pastime Athletic Club, he excelled in half a dozen sports, from boxing to distance running, but favored track and field, where he displayed the kind of versatility seen in today s decathletes. But Sullivan was not just an athlete-he was an athlete with a mission.
In the late 19th century, amateur sport in the United States was governed by the National Association of Amateur Athletes of America, or N4A, abetted by such conclaves of the wealthy as the Manhattan Athletic Club and New York Athletic Club. The latter group, dismayed by the transparent sham of amateurism as defined by the N4A, bolted in 1886 and, in late January of 1888, established a new organization: the Amateur Athletic Union. Defections from the N4A swiftly followed, including that of its vice president, James E. Sullivan, then 26. He became the AAU s first secretary and, effectively, the arbiter of amateur sport in the United States.
Sullivan and the AAU patterned American amateurism on the British model, which had evolved, like so much of English society, along class-conscious, elitist standards that prevented any contamination by professionals-gentlemen didn t do sports for money. In fact, it echoed the Olymp