Aviation Safety and Security , livre ebook

Libri Publishing Ltd - Simon Bennett

Découvre YouScribe en t'inscrivant gratuitement

Je m'inscris

Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne
En savoir plus

17 pages

English

Vous pourrez modifier la taille du texte de cet ouvrage

Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne
En savoir plus

A propos
Informations
Extrait

Description

On March 27, 1977 at Los Rodeos airport in Tenerife, 583 people were killed when two Boeing 747s collided. According to investigators, poor flight-deck teamwork contributed to the disaster. Shocked by the unprecedented loss of life the airline industry set about equipping pilots and flight engineers with teamworking skills. The industry's teamwork training programme, commonly known as Crew Resource Management (CRM), has helped make aviation one of the safest forms of transportation. CRM's migration into military aviation has helped reduce mishaps by 50% - 81%. According to academics Robyn Clay-Williams, David Greenfield, Judy Stone and Jeffrey Braithwaite, in health care CRM has helped secure "modest improvements in levels of patient safety". This monograph makes the case for teamwork training. Case studies, for example of the salvaging of a crippled DC-10 by Captain Al Haynes and his crew, show the benefits of teamworking. The monograph also promotes leadership skills: in the final analysis, every team requires a leader who can set the right example, inspire, canvass, co-ordinate, appraise and represent. Finally, the monograph makes the case for creative thinking and active learning. Teams should be crucibles for new thinking. A team whose leader encourages reflection and creativity has the potential to change the status quo for the better. Witness how Apollo 13’s Flight Director, the legendary Gene Kranz, inspired an occasionally fractious group of ground engineers (fatigue affects performance and mood) to improvise an air purifier from log-book covers, spare filters, hoses and duct-tape. Kranz’s ability to organise, lead, cajole and inspire saved the lives of the Apollo 13 astronauts. Kranz’s leadership and focus ensured his engineers realised their potential.

Sujets

Transportation

Aviation

Informations

Publié par	Libri Publishing Ltd
Date de parution	01 septembre 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781909818699
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0800€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Aviation Safety and Security: The Importance of Teamwork, Leadership, Creative Thinking and Active Learning Dr Simon Bennett
An e-monograph from Libri Publishing
Imprint
First published in 2015 by Libri Publishing
Copyright © Simon Bennett
ISBN 978 1 909818 69 9
The right of Simon Bennett to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder for which application should be addressed in the first instance to the publishers. No liability shall be attached to the author, the copyright holder or the publishers for loss or damage of any nature suffered as a result of reliance on the reproduction of any of the contents of this publication or any errors or omissions in its contents.
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library
Design by Carnegie Publishing
Libri Publishing
Brunel House
Volunteer Way
Faringdon
Oxfordshire
SN7 7YR
Tel: +44 (0)845 873 3837
www.libripublishing.co.uk
Contents
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
PROMOTING SAFETY AND SECURITY
CONCLUSIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
COPYRIGHTS (all illustrations via Wikimedia Commons)
PREFACE
Through a detailed analysis of the ditching of US Airways Flight 1549 in 2009 and the 2004 degrading of Manchester Airport’s security blanket, this monograph demonstrates the importance of teamwork, leadership and creative thinking to aviation safety and security. It also makes the case for academic theory as a valuable tool for safety and security managers. During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s the aviation industry suffered several high-profile human-factors-related disasters and near-misses. For example: 1. The 1965 United Airlines Flight 227 near-miss when the Captain’s decision to modify his First Officer’s approach into a high-altitude airfield (the Captain retarded the thrust levers) caused the aircraft to land short. 2. The 1972 G-ARPI Staines Trident crash, when poor intra-crew communication and co-operation caused the loss of the aircraft. One hundred and eighteen persons (all on board) died. 3. The 1977 Tenerife disaster when poor teamwork (both on the flight-deck and between the flight-deck and Spanish air traffic control) caused two Boeing 747 aircraft to collide. Five hundred and eighty-three passengers and crew died. 4. The 1982 Air Florida Boeing 737 collision with the Potomac River’s 14th Street Bridge near Washington National Airport, caused partly by the First Officer’s lack of assertiveness. According to the National Transportation Safety Board (1982, p.68): “Had he been more assertive in stating his opinion that the take-off should be rejected, the captain might have been prompted to take positive action”. Seventy-eight passengers, crew members and bystanders died.
Following extensive media reporting of these events, the aviation industry decided to improve flight-crew teamworking. Teamwork-focused training initiatives like crew resource management (CRM) have proved successful in reducing the number and severity of human-factors-related incidents and accidents. Despite setbacks like Germanwings Flight 4U9525 (where the First Officer used the Airbus aircraft to commit suicide (Aviation News, 2015; Bureau d’Enquêtes et d’Analyses pour la sécurité de l’aviation civile, 2015)), aviation is one of the safest ways of getting around:
“[T]he numbers show that an accident is a rare event – the equivalent of one accident for every 500,000 flights in 2012. For Western-built jets, the accident rate is lower still, with six hull-loss accidents in 2012 – equating to one accident for every 5 million flights” (Hollnagel and Leonhardt, 2013, p.16).
Bennett (2015, p.51) notes:
“Following the September 11 attacks, many Americans switched to land-based transport. The switch to terra firma produced a spike in transport-related deaths. Why? Because flying is safer than almost every other mode of transportation. Had the defectors stuck with aviation there would have been fewer deaths”.
Aviation safety is an emergent property of two quite recent developments. First, the inception of reliable power plants like turboprops and high-bypass turbofans. Second, the creation of effective aircraft operating teams (consisting of pilots, cabin crew, controllers, dispatchers, engineers, fuellers and anyone else involved in moving an aircraft safely from point A to point B). Aviation’s teamworking initiatives have proved so effective that they have been applied in the health-care sector (Gordon, Mendenhall and O’Connor, 2013). For those readers who are students, this monograph has six intended learning outcomes: • To understand how academic theory can help explain security failures and aircraft accidents • To understand how teamwork can help deliver safe and efficient airline operations • To recognise the importance of leadership in a crisis • To understand how creative thinking can help resolve a crisis • To appreciate that adversity may cause employees to ignore rules and regulations • To appreciate the importance of actioning lessons from incidents, accidents and near-misses.
To help the general reader, key concepts (like terrorism, isomorphic learning and organisational culture) are defined (text in blue). Short case studies (headed ‘Case Study’ and delineated with a vertical line in the margin) support key claims (like the contribution the teambuilding discipline Crew Resource Management makes to aviation safety).

Fig 1: G-ARPI belly-flopped just to the south of the A30, 150 seconds after commencing its take-off roll. Although the 1972 Staines crash killed 118, it did not result in any meaningful overhaul of flight-crew training.
INTRODUCTION
“Aviation is itself not inherently dangerous, but to an even greater extent than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity or neglect”.
Captain A G Lamplugh (cited in Brookes, 1992, p.6)
Aviation is important: The aviation industry creates wealth and opportunity. It allows the traveller to experience different cultures. The mixing facilitated by aviation promotes understanding (Hudson and Pettifer, 1979; Air Transport Action Group, 2014). Aviation is glamorous: Although an increasingly commonplace activity, aviation retains a certain cachet and mystique. It still excites. Aviation makes good copy: Aviation is rarely out of the news. Journalists know that stories about new aircraft, services, price wars, strikes, security threats, near-misses and accidents attract readers, listeners and viewers. The more readers, listeners and viewers media outlets attract, the more money they make. The more followers a journalist has, the better her chances of promotion. To summarise, aviation is a strategically important, high-profile endeavour that feeds the public imagination. That is why aviation is targeted by terrorists. They know that an attack on the aviation system is certain to attract attention. Witness the saturation coverage of the attacks on the Twin Towers (Cho, Boyle, Keum, Shevy, McLeod, Shah and Pan, 2003).
Terrorism – “the unofficial use of violence or the threat of violence to secure political ends”. This is one of over 100 definitions of terrorism.
It is claimed that the attacks of September 11 2001, ushered in an era of ‘new terrorism’. Not so. If new terrorism is characterised by ideological fervour, ambition, global reach, scale, economic impact, simultaneity and media manipulation, it began with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine’s (PFLP’s) September 1970 hijacking of two aircraft to Dawson’s Field, an abandoned RAF station in Jordan. Another aircraft, a Pan Am 747, was blown up in Cairo because it was too large to land on the strip. The PFLP action inspired the hijacking of a third aircraft to Dawson’s Field. Having secured significant media coverage and inflicted chaos on the world aviation system (we live with the security consequences to this day), the PFLP destroyed the aircraft (Messenger, 1995). Aviation did not lose its innocence in September 2001. It lost it in the Jordanian desert in September 1970. There is a perceived residual security threat to commercial aviation, as demonstrated by the June 2014 security clampdown on computers, mobile telepho