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Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the CIA contracted two psychologists, James Elmer Mitchell and Bruce Jessen, to develop alternative, harsh interrogation techniques. The psychologists recommended use of the Air Force's Survival Evasion Resistance Escape (SERE) counter-interrogation training, reverse-engineered to obtain intelligence from captives. Their recommendations resulted in the formation of enhanced interrogation techniques which included waterboarding, hypothermia and stress positions. These techniques were employed routinely on terror suspects by the Bush administration. They were subsequently deemed unacceptable, as they were clearly methods of torture, comparisons being made to the Gestapo interrogation method called 'Verschaerfte Vernehmung'.Eight years prior to the September 11 attacks, with no sign of an end to the troubles in Northern Ireland, British Military Intelligence conducted an experiment designed to obtain information without the use of recognized methods of torture. The objective of the experiment was to subject a military volunteer to prolonged extreme stress, effectively breaking their self-esteem and facilitating the surrender of information. The findings were never published. The sole recommendation was that any experiment of this nature would not be repeated.This is the story of what took place.

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Publié par	eBookPartnership.com
Date de parution	06 août 2014
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781783014996
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

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BREAK LIMA
A H FITZSIMONS
Copyright 2014 by A H FitzSimons
The right of A H FitzSimons to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the Publisher.
Published by eBookPartnership.com
ISBN 978-0-9556111-8-6
ISBN 978-0-9556111-9-3
eBook ISBN 978-1-7830149-9-6
Cover: MICHAL BARAN
Photograph: WASHINGTON GWANDE
Model: JOY FITZGERALD
For Georgina and Christine
Contents
Break Lima
Introduction
Prologue
Day 1
Day 17
Day 30
Day 35
Day 41
Day 43
Day 45
Day 52
Day 59
Day 63
Day 78
Epilogue
Copyright Acknowledgement
Acknowledgements
Great hope has no real footing unless one is willing to face into the doom that may also be on the way.
Norman Mailer
BREAK LIMA
Introduction
Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the CIA contracted two psychologists, James Elmer Mitchell and Bruce Jessen, to develop alternative, harsh interrogation techniques. The psychologists recommended use of the Air Force s Survival Evasion Resistance Escape (SERE) counter-interrogation training, reverse-engineered to obtain intelligence from captives. Their recommendations resulted in the formation of enhanced interrogation techniques which included waterboarding, hypothermia and stress positions. These techniques were employed routinely on terror suspects by the Bush administration. They were subsequently deemed unacceptable, as they were clearly methods of torture, comparisons being made to the Gestapo interrogation method called Versch rfte Vernehmung .
Eight years prior to the September 11 attacks, with no sign of an end to the troubles in Northern Ireland, British Military Intelligence conducted an experiment designed to obtain information without the use of recognized methods of torture. The objective of the experiment was to subject a military volunteer to prolonged extreme stress, effectively breaking their self-esteem and facilitating the surrender of information. The findings were never published. The sole recommendation was that any experiment of this nature would not be repeated.
Prologue
It was her white T-shirt that first drew my attention to her. It was late November and everyone else was wearing heavy jackets or coats. Yet this woman seemed oblivious to the cold wind.
She was about five yards away, fifteen feet of forecourt at a motorway service station. Her brown hair was pulled back in a ponytail, she wore black jeans and she had that stance, the stance of an athlete. The physical similarity was so great I couldn t help staring. The sun was on the horizon behind her and I was rooted to the spot, transfixed.
Could it be her? Really her?
I shook my head, trying to keep myself from acting stupidly and calling out. What was I thinking?
She d finished filling up a white pickup, and as she walked to the kiosk she began stroking loose strands of her hair across her forehead - just the way Lima used to.
But it couldn t be Lima.
I wanted it to be, even though I knew it was impossible. It had been twenty years since I d thought about her. There are some events in life that you need to keep locked away.
For me there were two; both involved Lima.
I had, as usual, driven to the gym after filling up at the service station. What wasn t normal was that I didn t remember any of that drive, and I didn t make it to the gym floor. I didn t make it outside the car. I just parked up and sat, hands on the steering wheel, looking out of the window. I wasn t just numb: time was standing still.
After a while a single thought slowly began to formulate in my mind. Eventually the thought formed a word. And that word found its voice.
PESRE .
I looked down at the ignition, took my right hand off the steering wheel and turned the key.
Twenty minutes later I pulled into the driveway of my house. Once inside I headed straight for the basement. It was not a place I visited very often. It was a relatively large room, about twenty feet square. It contained a vast quantity of containers and a number of the large boxes the British Armed Forces issued when you were posted overseas. Three of the MFO boxes, however, did not contain army kit: they contained files. Scores of them, thousands of sheets of paper. Millions of words.
The basement was my past.
I knew exactly what I was looking for, though I was afraid of finding it. I could see my hands trembling as I flicked through the file covers.
PESRE was a time when my world began to fall apart. Did I really need to find it? Too late now: I d recognized the file. I stared at it for a full minute, trying to see its contents without opening it, aware that its beige cover was camouflage. I was looking at Pandora s Box.
My instincts screamed out that I should stop now, go back upstairs and forget about it. I knew the way to deal with this was to keep it locked up, and I d done that. The file had remained effectively within arm s length but had been untouched for twenty years.
I sat down on the floor and drew a deep breath as I carefully opened the cover. The file contained transcripts of every conversation; and as for the things that hadn t been said - the feelings - they all came rushing back, as if a securely locked door had been broken open by a storm.
Day 1
August 1993
I leaned into the wind; it ripped and tugged at my coat as if determined to tear it apart. The rain battered against everything around me, the sound almost deafening. The guttering was unable to cope as rivers cascaded off rooftops. I was surrounded by waterfalls. I had my coat buttoned tight around my neck, but somehow the rain found its way down the back of my collar. I could feel my shirt, wet and cold, sticking to my back.
I was reporting to an army camp I hadn t even known existed, to take part in a secret military experiment. My brief was simple: to consult, and assist in the techniques used to extract information.
After the predictable delay at the guardroom I was escorted to the complex where the experiment was going to take place. It was on the west side of camp, and to get to it we crossed the parade ground, the stores, the NAAFI, the canteen, the gym and finally the officers quarters, where I dropped off my bags. The complex was a relatively new build compared to the rest of the camp. In many ways it looked out of place; its steel-grey stone belonged in a sci-fi movie.
Roberts greeted me at the entrance. He was a hulking figure, a veritable giant, but his waistline was so enormous he was clearly not a soldier who trained for combat - if he was a soldier at all. That was the first thing about this that I didn t like: ranks and units were left outside the experiment, but, more noticeably, so were our real names. I didn t know who I would be working with; all I knew was that Roberts was in charge, and as for the rest, I wasn t to ask. All communication was to take place in the meeting room, which was where Roberts now led me, and where it all began
PESRE, gentlemen, Roberts announced. Prolonged Extreme Stress Resistance Experiment. We are going to be identifying methods which will break a soldier who has proved resistant to interrogation techniques. We are going to experiment with a combination of techniques and identify the weak points in the subject; without breaking any international human rights legislation.
So we stay strictly within the confines of that legislation?
I looked over at the short, stocky man who had asked the question. Smith was the false name above his shirt pocket.
We can bend it as far as we can without breaking it, Roberts said, smiling.
I d just met him and already I didn t like him. I d never liked that phrase. If you used it, you had to define what breaking it actually meant. In this case, probably that the information was to be extracted without the use of acknowledged methods of torture, which, according to the 84 UN Convention against Torture, was any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him, or a third person, information
The goal, then, was to inflict stress and a level of pain and suffering, but nothing that would be interpreted as severe . The breaking of morale would then be a cumulative effect. But the line that Roberts was intent on bending was far too fragile, and the use of the word extreme in PESRE was contradictory and worrying.
From my experience whenever anyone said bend it as far we can without breaking it they really meant break the line as often as you want; just make sure you leave no evidence.
And what if the subject doesn t break? Smith asked. We ve done this kind of research before. It relies on the subject being motivated to withhold the information. The other problem is that the subject, who is, as I understand, a friendly, won t feel the level of fear a normal prisoner would, which makes findings inconclusive. We can t replicate interrogation conditions. The subjects always know we ll only go so far. And this is just one man; for any findings to be of at least some merit, shouldn t we be looking at a large group?
The key to this experiment is that it is only one subject: a volunteer who knows we re not going to hold back and has been ordered to withhold the information for as long as possible, and assist in the experiment by answering questions relating to techniques used. I have